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Definition
| the natural process by which atmospheric gases trap a major portion of the infrared radiation radiated by the Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| gases capable of absorbing and trapping infared radiation, thereby warming the atmosphere. Examples include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons. |
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| enhanced greenhouse effect |
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Definition
| the process in which atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by the earth |
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Definition
| the increase in average global temperatures that results from an enhanced greenhouse effect |
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| human activities, such as industry, transportation, mining, and agriculture |
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| combustible substances derived from the remnants of prehistoric organisms, the most common of which are coal, petroleum, and natural gas |
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| a four-cornered geometric shape with four equal triangular sides, sometimes called a triangular pyramid |
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| natural processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere |
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Definition
| the mass (in grams) of the same number of atoms that are found in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 |
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Definition
| the number of atoms in exactly 12g of C-12 or 6.02 X 10^23 |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as containing an Avogadro's number of objects |
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Definition
| the mass of one Avogadros number, or mole, of whatever particles are specified |
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Term
| global atmospheric lifetime |
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Definition
| characterizes the time required for a gas added to the atmosphere to be removed |
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Definition
| a number that represents the relative contribution of a molecule of the atmospheric gas to global warming |
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Definition
| those that can function without the use of molecular oxygen |
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Definition
| factors (both natural and anthropogenic) that influence the balance of Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation |
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Definition
| the measure of the reflectivity of a surface |
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Definition
| an estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions in a given time frame, usually a year. |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the daily highs and lows, the drizzles and downpours, the blizzards and heat waves, and the fall breezes and hot summer winds, all of which have relatively short durations |
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Term
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Definition
| describes regional temperatures, humidity, winds, rain,and snowfall over decades, not days. |
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Definition
| any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the long-term risk and hazards of climate change to human life, property, or the environment. |
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| carbon capture and storage |
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Definition
| involves separating CO2 from other combustion products and storing it in a variety of geologic locations |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a system to adjust to climate change to moderate potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical process of burning, that is, the rapid combination of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light |
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Definition
| stored energy or the energy of position |
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| the first law of themodynamics |
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Definition
| also called the law of conservation of energy, states that energy is neither created nor destroyed |
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Definition
| the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree of celsius |
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Term
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Definition
| a unit of energy equal to .239 cal |
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Definition
| a measure of how much energy gets dispersed in a given process |
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| the second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| the entropy of the universe is constantly increasing |
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Definition
| compounds that consist only of the elements hydrogen and carbon |
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Definition
| hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms |
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Definition
| a separation process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected |
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Term
| ultraviolet radiation causes molecules to |
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Definition
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| infared radiation causes molecules to |
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Definition
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| microwave radiation causes molecules to |
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Definition
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Definition
| a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and/or molecules resent in a substance |
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Definition
| the kinetic energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder one |
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Definition
| a device used to experimentally measure the quantity of heat energy released an a combustion reaction |
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Definition
| the quantity of heat energy given off when a specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| a term applied to any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat |
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Definition
| the term applied to any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy |
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Definition
| the amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a specific chemical bond |
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Definition
| a process that breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones by heating them to a high temperature |
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Definition
| a process in which catalysts are sued to crack larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at relatively low temperatures |
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Definition
| the atoms within a molecule are rearranged, usually starting with linear molecules and producing ones with more branches |
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Definition
| molecules with the same molecular formula but with different chemical structures and different properties |
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Term
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Definition
| blends of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons with added oxygen-containing compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygenated gasolines that also contain a lower percentage of certain more volatile hydrocarbons found in nonoxygenated conventional gasoline |
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Definition
| the energy necessary to initiate a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| the generic term for renewable fuels derived from plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops, or other biological material |
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Definition
| the ethanol produced from corn stalks, switchgrass, woodchips, and other materials that are nonedible by humans |
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Definition
| a measure of the attraction of an atom for an electron in a chemical bond |
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Definition
| a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared but rather are closer to the more electronegative atom |
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Definition
| a force that existss within a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| a force that occurs between molecules |
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Definition
| an electrostatic attraction between a H atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom and a neighboring atom, either in another molecule or in a different part of the same molecule |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celcius |
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Definition
| water that is safe to drink and to cook with |
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Definition
| an estimate of the amount of water required to sustain the consumption of goods and services |
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Definition
| the fresh water found in lakes, rivers, and streams |
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Definition
| fresh water found in underground reservoirs also known as aquifers |
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Definition
| a substance, often a liquid, that is capable of dissolving one or more pure substances. |
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Definition
| the solid, liquid, or gas that dissolves in a solvent |
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Definition
| a homogeneous mixture of a solvent and one or more solutes |
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Definition
| solutions in which water is the solvent |
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Definition
| the ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solution |
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Definition
| a unit of concentration represented by the number of moles of solute present in one liter of solution |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of glassware that contains a precise amount of solution when filled to the mark on the neck |
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Definition
| an apparatus that produces a signal to indicate that electricity is being conducted |
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Definition
| a solute that is nonconducting in aqueous solutions |
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Term
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Definition
| a solute that conducts electricity in aqueous solutions |
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Definition
| an atom or group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge as a result of gaining or losing one or more electrons |
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| the chemical formed when oppositely charged ions attract |
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Definition
| two or more atoms covalently bound together that have an overall positive or negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of ions that are present in fixed proportions and arranged in a regular geometric structure |
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