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| professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire |
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| Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance |
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| Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records |
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| "Lion Prince"; member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260 |
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| Arabic term for the east African coast |
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| port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university |
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| triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship |
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| series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for extermination of heresy and commercial wars |
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| Hindu groups dedicated to gods; emphasized the importance of strong emotional bonds with gods; focused mostly on Shiva and Vishnu |
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| Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis |
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| mystics within Islam that expanded Islam to southeastern Asia |
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| capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon |
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| Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate |
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| political and religious successor to Muhammad |
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| recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islamd |
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| Non-Arab converts to Islam |
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| community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity |
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| clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca |
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| political and theological division within Islam |
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| political and theological division within Islam |
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| chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire |
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