Term
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Definition
| One's subjective experience of the world, resulting from brain activity |
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Term
| Persistent Vegetative State |
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Definition
| If coma lasts longer than one month: Have sleep/wake cycles, open/close eyes, but do not seem to respond to environment |
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Term
| Minimally Conscious State |
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Definition
| People make deliberate movements, try to communicate-evidence of awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| consciousness arises as a function of which brain circuits are active-experience your brain regions output as conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Corpus callosum is cut. The two hemispheres don't receive information from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| left hemisphere’s attempt to make sense of actions/events |
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Term
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Definition
| the processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| regular patterns of biological cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| Theta Waves, very easily aroused from sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep-spindles, K-complex-breathing regular, truly sleping |
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Term
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Definition
| Delta Waves-slow-wave sleep, hard to awaken and disoriented when aroused |
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Term
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Definition
| Beta waves, rapid eye movement, paralysis, when dreams occur most often |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder characterized by inability to sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| throat closes during sleep, more common in middle aged men |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive sleepiness during waking hours, rare, genetic, possibly auto-immune |
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Term
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Definition
| opposite of narcolepsy, paralysis in REM sleep disabled |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep-walking, most common in children, occurs during slow-wave sleep |
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Term
| Restorative Theory of Sleep |
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Definition
| sleep allows the body/brain to rest and repair itself |
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Term
| Circadian Rhythms Theory of Sleep |
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Definition
| sleep keeps animals quiet when there is greatest danger |
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Term
| Facilitation of Learning Theory of Sleep |
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Definition
| neurons wired together consolidated during sleep |
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Term
| Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreams |
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Definition
| Hobson and McCarley; during sleep, random brain activity occurs, and dreams are a result of the brain trying to make sense of it using stored memories |
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Term
| Evolved threat-rehearsal Theory of Dreams |
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Definition
| dreams simulate threatening events so that people can rehearse strategies for coping |
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Term
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Definition
| willful responses to suggestion, involves changes in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses attention on external object or on a sense of awareness, goal relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| mind-altering substances, activate neurotransmitter systems |
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Term
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Definition
| increase behavioral and mental activity, usually causes dopamine to remain in system longer (caffeine, nicotine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Products of an altered state of consciousness in which images and fantasies are confused with reality |
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Term
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Definition
| plot of a dream, the way a dream is remembered |
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Term
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Definition
| what a dream symbolizes, material that is disguised in a dream to protect the dreamer from confronting a conflict directly |
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Term
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Definition
| (Opiates, morphine) pleasant, relaxed-binds to opiate receptors, helps relieve pain |
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Term
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Definition
| memory loss and intellectual deterioration usually associated with heavy alcohol intake over time |
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Term
| Psychological/Physical Effects of drug addiction |
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Definition
| Tolerance (need more of drug to get same effect) withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Learn to associate two types of events with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Learn particular behavior leads to certain outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| when environmental stimuli and behavioral responses become connected |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| Response that doesn't have to be learned; reflex |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that elicits a response/reflex that doesn't have to be learned |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| Response to conditioned stimulus; response that has been learned |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning taken place |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| previously extinguished response reemerges after presentation of conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs when stimuli are similar, but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with US |
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Term
| Second-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| Conditioned stimulus doesn’t become directly associated with unconditioned stimulus, but with other stimuli associated with unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| An acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| classical conditioning in which a person is taught to fear a neutral object |
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Term
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Definition
| strength of CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the US is unexpected or surprising |
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Term
| Law of Effect(Thorndike's General Theory of Learning) |
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Definition
| any behavior that leads to satisfying state of affairs is likely to occur again and vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that follows a response and increases likelihood that response will be repeated (primary and secondary) |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Power of reinforcer measured in how much time a person willing to spend with it/using it (ice cream stronger than spinach for kids) |
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Term
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Definition
| administer stimulus to increase probability of behavior being repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of stimulus to increase probability of behavior being repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| administration of stimulus to decrease chance of behavior recurring |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of stimulus to decrease chance of behavior recurring |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcing behavior every time it occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior reinforced intermittently |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement based on number of times behavior occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement provided after a specific unit of time |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement provided after a specific number of occurrences or after a specific amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement provided at different rates or at different times |
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Term
| Variable-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Behavior persists even when payout isn't continuous-like putting money into slot machine even though it might not pay out |
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Term
| Partial-Reinforcement extinction effect |
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Definition
| greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones |
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Term
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Definition
| a visual/spatial mental representation of an environment |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place in the absence of reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| a solution suddenly emerges after period of inaction or contemplation about problem |
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Term
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Definition
| unit of knowledge transmitted within a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| acquisition/modification of behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing it |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs the action that was observed |
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Term
| Intracrainial Self-stimulation (ICSS) |
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Definition
| Electrical activation of pleasure centers/dopamine receptors in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a nonthreatening stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in behavioral response after exposure to threatening stimulus |
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Term
| Long-term Potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| strengthening of synaptic connection, making postsynaptic neurons more easily activated |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of glumate receptor responsible for the "fire together, wire together" aspect of learning |
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Term
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Definition
| The nervous system's capacity to acquire and retain skills and knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| the processing of information so that it can be stored |
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Term
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Definition
| the retention of encoded representations over time |
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Term
| Locations of Memory in Brain |
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Definition
| Prefrontal Cortex (working memory), Hippocampus (Spatial memory), Temporal Lobe (declarative memory), Amygdala (fear learning), Cerebellum (motor action learning) |
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Term
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Definition
| process where immediate memories become lasting/long-term |
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Term
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Definition
| neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| processing multiple types of information at the same time |
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Term
| Filter theory (attention) |
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Definition
| our brain's are able to filter what is important from what is not important |
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Term
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Definition
| a failure to notice large changes in one's environment (Directions experiment) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory, Working (short-term), and Long-term |
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Term
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Definition
| very briefly stores sensory information in a way that is close to its original sensory form |
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Term
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Definition
| part of sensory memory system that remembers visual information, lasts for 1/3 of a second |
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Term
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Definition
| part of sensory memory system that remembers auditory information, lasts slightly longer than iconic |
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Term
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Definition
| active processing system that keeps different types of info available for current use (lasts approx. 30 seconds) |
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Term
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Definition
| briefly holds limited amount of information in awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember |
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Term
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Definition
| the relatively permanent storage of information |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation, with items early or late remembered better than middle |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information |
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Term
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Definition
| what a memory is, stored by meaning (not like picture) |
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Term
| Maintenance Rehearsal vs Elaborative Rehearsal |
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Definition
| repeating item over and over vs. encoding info in more meaningful ways |
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Term
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Definition
| Item's features linked for easier identification, activating one node increases likelihood of activating a closely related one |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that helps a person recall info stored in long-term memory |
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Term
| Encoding Specificity Principle |
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Definition
| any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience |
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Term
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Definition
| learning aids, strategies, and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Explicit Memory/Declarative Memory |
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Definition
| the processes we use to remember information we can say we know |
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Term
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Definition
| memory for one’s personal past experiences (part of explicit) |
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Term
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Definition
| memory for knowledge about the world (part of explicit) |
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Term
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Definition
| involves motor skills and behavioral habits(part of implicit) |
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Term
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Definition
| when unconsciously make associations that are reflected in behavior (elderly sentence example) |
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Term
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Definition
| remembering to do something at some future time(part of working memory) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transience, Blocking, Absentmindedness, persistence, misattribution, bias, suggestibility |
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting over time (i.e. forgetting plot of movie) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage |
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Term
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Definition
| would take you less time to re-learn something because of “savings” from previous knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| old information inhibits the ability to remember new info |
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Term
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Definition
| new info inhibits ability to remember old info |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary inability to remember something that is known, tip-of-the-tongue (ex: failing to recall name of person you met on the street) |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced memory due to failing to pay attention (losing keys) |
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Term
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Definition
| deficit resulting from disease, injury, psychological trauma in which individual loses ability to retrieve vast quantities of information from long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| resurgance of unwanted or disturbing memories that we would like to forget, PTSD |
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Term
| Misattribution/Source Amnesia |
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Definition
| assigning a memory to the wrong source (false-fame effect) or cannot remember where encountered information |
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Term
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Definition
| influence of current knowledge on our memory for past events |
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Term
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Definition
| altering a memory because of misleading information, false memories |
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Term
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Definition
| people lose past memories, such as events, facts, people or personal information |
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Term
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Definition
| people lose ability to form new memories |
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Term
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Definition
| vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event |
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Term
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Definition
| unintended false recollection of episodic memories "honest lying" |
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Term
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Definition
| misattribution; thinks idea is original, but has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute it to its proper source |
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Term
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Definition
| changing lifestyle in response to highly publicized event, no matter how likely it is to happen to you |
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Term
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Definition
| the mental manipulation of representations of information |
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Term
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Definition
| mental activity that includes thinking and the understandings that result from thinking |
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Term
| Analogical Representations |
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Definition
| correspond to images, have some physical characteristics of object |
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Term
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Definition
| correspond to words, abstract |
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Term
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Definition
| mental representation that groups or categorizes objects, events, or relations around common themes |
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Term
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Definition
| way of thinking about concepts: category characterized by list of features that determine if an object is a member of the category |
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Term
| Prototype Model vs Exemplar Model |
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Definition
| Both ways of thinking about concepts: Prototype-best example, Exemplar-all members of category examples |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups |
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Term
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Definition
| schema that directs behavior over time within a situation |
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Term
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Definition
| using info to determine if conclusion is valid |
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Term
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Definition
| attempting to select the best alternative among several options |
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Term
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Definition
| finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal |
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Term
| Deductive Reasoning vs Inductive Reasoning |
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Definition
| certain; from general rules to specific instances vs. probable; from specific instances to general rules |
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Term
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Definition
| rules of thumb/informal guidelines/shortcuts used to reduce amount of thinking needed to make decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| people optimal decision makers, always select choice that yields largest gain |
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Term
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Definition
| tend to misinterpret and misrepresent the probabilities underlying many decision making scenarios |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect of presentation on how information is percieved |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure that will always yield correct answer |
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Term
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Definition
| person’s wealth affects choices, loss-aversion (because losses feel worse than gains feel good, person will avoid situations that involve losses) |
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Term
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Definition
| predicting how people will feel about something in future; people bad at this |
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Term
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Definition
| subgoals, restructuring, mental sets, working backward |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to measuring intelligence using standardized achievement tests |
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Term
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Definition
| assessment of child’s intellectual standing compared with that of same-age peers; determined by comparing the child’s test score with the average score for children of each chronological age |
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Term
| Intelligence Quotient (IQ) |
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Definition
| an index of intelligence computed by dividing a child’s estimated mental age by the child’s chronological age and multiplying by 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| items similar to one another are clustered, clusters are factors |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that one general factor underlies intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| reflects ability to process information, particularly in novel/complex circumstances |
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Term
| Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
| intelligence that reflects both the knowledge one acquires through experience and the ability to use the knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that there are different types of intelligence that are independent of one another |
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Term
| Sternberg Types of Intelligence |
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Definition
Analytical-being good at problem solving, analogies, puzzles
Creative-ability to gain insight and solve novel problems
Practical-dealing with everyday tasks |
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Term
| Simple Reaction Time vs Choice Reaction Time |
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Definition
Simple reaction time-just how fast react
Choice reaction time-how fast chooses right choice |
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Term
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Definition
| not high in IQ, but good in some area of intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one’s own group |
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