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| ____ was the first to argue that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. |
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| Isaac Newton’s universal law of gravitation |
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| showed how one law could explain all motion in the universe. |
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| Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, believed scientists should |
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| be methodical in studying nature. |
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| John Locke’s idea of ‘cart blanche’ suggests that people were |
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| molded by their experiences |
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| To Voltaire and many other philosophies, the universe was |
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| In Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s concept of a social contract, |
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| an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will. |
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| The belief about the universe before Copernicus’ theory is that |
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| the universe is a series of spheres with Earth fixed at the center. |
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| Galileo’s observations seemed to indicate that |
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| the Catholic Church’s beliefs about the heavens were incorrect. |
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| Which of the following was NOT a medical breakthrough of the Scientific Revolution? |
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| Drawings of the symmetry of the human body |
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| Who has been rightly called the father of modern rationalism? |
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| Montesquieu’s most lasting contribution to political thought was his |
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| analysis of the governmental system of checks and balances. |
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| Adam Smith believed in laissez-faire, by which he meant that |
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| the state should not regulate the economy. |
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| According to John Locke, how does the mind acquire knowledge? |
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| The Declaration of Independence (of the US) illustrates what philosophical school of thought? |
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| The Committee of Public Safety was given broad powers to |
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| defend France from threats |
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| Because the Committee of Public Safety was often violent in its actions, its time of power was called |
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| Napoleon’s coup d’état overthrew the ____ government. |
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| The three major parts of Napoleon’s Grand Empire were |
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| France, Morocco,and Algeria |
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| What were the two major reasons that Napoleon’s Grand Empire collapsed? |
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| the survival of Great Britain and the force of nationalism |
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| Napoleon’s army left Russia because |
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| The capital was burned and abandoned |
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| Which of France’s estates was NOT exempt from the taille (tax)? |
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| The Third Estate (commoners) |
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| The primary focus of the Napoleonic Code was |
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| equality for all citizens |
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| Promotion within Napoleon’s new bureaucracy was |
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| based on ability only, not rank or birth. |
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| What percentage of land was owned by the clergy? |
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| What percentage of the population were commoners? |
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| Which European Empire did the most to embrace Enlightenment ideas |
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| From which city was Napoleon’s army forced to retreat? |
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| his beliefs inspired the American Founding Fathers |
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| first European to study stars using a telescope |
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| the intellectuals of the Enlightenment |
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| developed a philosophy based on the idea “I think, therefore I am” |
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| helped spread Enlightenment thought through his Encyclopedia |
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| members of the Third Estate, also known as the Middle Class |
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| observed that the planets’ orbits are elliptical, not circular |
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| while his people were starving, he lived a luxurious lifestyle |
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| a popular general who overthrew an unstable French government |
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| preached his beliefs primarily to the lower class peasants |
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| storming of this began the French Revolution |
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| theory that the Earth was the center of universe |
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| stressed the importance of hard work and spiritual contentment |
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| a sudden overthrow of the government |
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| used by the revolutionaries to execute opponents |
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| large living rooms used by French wealthy to spread ideas of Enlightenment |
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| belief that God made the universe and now ‘sits back’ to watch it run |
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| theory that the sun was the center of planetary orbits |
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| to take out the religious elements |
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| strong pride in one’s unique culture |
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| Identify and discuss two ways the Essay: Enlightenment significantly impacted the establishment of the United States government. |
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| check-and-balances; deism; John Locke |
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| Essay: Identify and discuss the long range and short range causes that led to the revolution in France. |
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| unfair taxing; excessive spending; poverty |
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