Term
| All of the following are steps in transcription except _____. |
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Definition
| joining of short fragments of RNA by ligase |
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Term
| RNA complementary to DNA is produced via _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What kind of point mutation would have the most dramatic effect on the protein coded for by that gene? |
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Definition
| a base insertion near the beginning of the coding sequence |
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Term
| The capacity for forming the peptide bond between two amino acids resides in the _____. |
|
Definition
| catalytic site of the large subuni |
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Term
| Unripe black walnuts contain a compound, juglone, that inhibits RNA polymerase. With which process would juglone directly interfere? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process that uses the genetic information carried by mRNA to specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements about the functions of RNA is correct? |
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Definition
| rRNA is an important component of ribosomes. |
|
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Term
| What is the relationship between codons and amino acids? |
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Definition
| There are more codons than amino acids. |
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Term
| The cells in your skin have a different shape and different function than the cells in your liver because the two types of cells have different _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the differences between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
| RNA lacks the base thymine (which is found in DNA), and DNA lacks the base uracil (which is found in RNA) |
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Term
| The information to synthesize proteins is carried to the ribosome by _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Imagine that a codon in the template strand of a gene has the sequence TAC. What sequence of the anticodon would decode this codon? Explain your answer. |
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Definition
| UAC, because the anticodon has the same sequence as the template strand (but it has U instead of T). |
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Term
| During DNA replication, a mistake was made in which an A was changed to a G. This kind of mutation is called a(n) _____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The flow of genetic information in cells depends on specific base pairing between nucleotides. Which of the following correctly matches the type of base pairing with the process of translation? |
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Definition
| In translation, tRNA base-pairs with mRNA. |
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Term
| The molecule responsible for bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome at the correct time is _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements about the chromosomes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is true? |
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Definition
| The chromosome of a prokaryotic cell is a circular DNA double helix, but the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are linear DNA double helices. |
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Term
| Sexual reproduction produces genetic diversity by _____. |
|
Definition
A.creating new combinations of homologous chromosomes
B. creating new combinations of alleles
C. fusing gametes from two individuals to form a diploid organism |
|
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Term
| A duplicated chromosome contains _____. |
|
Definition
A. two DNA double helices
B. two sister chromatids
C. four strands of DNA |
|
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Term
| During meiosis I, _____ separate; during meiosis II, _____ separate |
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
| The term haploid refers to _____. |
|
Definition
| A. cells that contain only one of each type of chromosome |
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Term
| Cytokinesis following mitosis differs in animal and plant cells because _____. |
|
Definition
| plant cells have cell walls |
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Term
| Which of the following would be an advantage of sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| Sexual reproduction promotes genetic variability, thereby increasing the probability that an individual with new combinations of favorable traits may arise. |
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Term
| Genetic recombination (crossing over) produces _____. |
|
Definition
| new combinations of alleles |
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Term
| When a cell divides, what must it pass on to its offspring |
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Definition
| both a complete set of chromosomes and cytoplasmic components needed for transcription and translation |
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Term
| Alternate forms of a particular gene are called _____; they arise as a result of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Nuclear envelopes form during _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis comes from a Greek word that means to decrease. What decreases during the process of meiosis? |
|
Definition
| the number of chromosomes |
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Term
| The copying of chromosomes occurs during _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ultimate source of genetic variability in organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| In pea plants, tall plants are dominant over dwarf plants. A tall plant could be _____. |
|
Definition
| homozygous dominant or heterozygous |
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Term
| Alleles are alternate forms of a gene. The alleles for the gene that determines blood type in humans are found at _____. |
|
Definition
| the same locus on homologous chromosomes |
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Term
| Some people are said to be carriers of genetic disorders. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| The individual is heterozygous for the disorder, and the allele for the disorder is recessive. |
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Term
|
Definition
| variations of the same gene (i.e., similar nucleotide sequences on homologous chromosomes) |
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Term
| Which of the following is true of a man with hemophilia? |
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Definition
| The man inherited the hemophilia gene from his mother. |
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Term
| Which of the following is caused by an abnormal number of autosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cystic fibrosis is a recessive trait. Imagine that your friend Roger has cystic fibrosis but that his parents do not. What do you know about Roger's alleles and those of his parents at the cystic fibrosis locus of their DNA? |
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Definition
| Roger is homozygous and his parents are heterozygous at the cystic fibrosis locus. |
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Term
| A single gene capable of influencing multiple phenotypes within a single organism is said to be _____. |
|
Definition
| pleiotropic for that gene |
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Term
| In pea plants, wrinkled seeds are recessive to smooth seeds, and green seeds are recessive to yellow seeds. Assume a plant produces wrinkled, green seeds; using S to designate seed shape and Y to designated seed color, this plant must have the genotype _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A couple brings home their new, nonidentical twin daughters, Joan and Jill. After several months, the father begins to suspect that there was a mix-up at the hospital, because Jill doesn't look much like either parent or like her sister. When the twins' blood tests come back, the father calls his lawyer to start a lawsuit against the hospital. The mother, father, and Joan have type A blood, but Jill has type O blood. Based on blood type, does the father have a case? Explain your answer. (The gene for blood type has three alleles: A, B, and O. The A and B alleles are codominant, and the O allele is recessive.) |
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Definition
| No, because parents with type A blood can have a child with type O blood. |
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Term
| When Mendel crossbred plants that differed in two traits, he found that the phenotypic ratio was _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits, _____. |
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Definition
| 1/4 of the offspring will exhibit one recessive phenotype and 1/4 will exhibit the other recessive phenotype |
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Term
| Each sperm cell of a horse contains 32 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are there in each of the horse's body cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The manufacture of proteins from RNA and amino acids is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A random change in a DNA nucleotide base sequence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major sources of genetic variation in sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
A. random fusion of gametes
B. shuffling of homologues during meiosis I
C. crossing over |
|
|
Term
| The two cells at the end of meiosis I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the sequence of bases in a section of DNA is TAGGCTAA, what is the corresponding sequence of bases in mRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A eukaryotic chromosome is made up of |
|
Definition
| protein and nucleic acid. |
|
|
Term
| A gene may encode information needed by a cell to produce |
|
Definition
A. structural proteins.
B. RNA.
C. enzymes.
D. hormones. |
|
|
Term
| The correct structure of a nucleotide is |
|
Definition
| phosphate-5 carbon sugar-nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
| A type of RNA that binds to a specific amino acid is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complementary base pairs are held together by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle apparatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the comparison of a DNA molecule to a twisted ladder, the rungs of the ladder represent |
|
Definition
| nitrogenous bases linked together. |
|
|
Term
| The hereditary material that is present in all cells is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Messenger RNA is single stranded. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If cytosine makes up 22% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism, then adenine would make up what percent of the bases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gene mutation is defined as change in the |
|
Definition
| nucleotide sequence of DNA. |
|
|
Term
| How can a gene be mutated with no resulting change in the protein that is produced from that gene? |
|
Definition
| A codon has changed, but it codes for he same amino acid as the original codon. |
|
|
Term
| If we radioactively label the DNA of bacteriophage and then allow them to infect bacteria, where should the radioactivity end up? |
|
Definition
| inside the bacterial cells |
|
|
Term
| The four haploid nuclei found at the end of meiosis differ from one another in their exact genetic composition. Some of this difference is the result of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each gene is specific for a particular type of protein. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semiconservative DNA replication means |
|
Definition
| each new DNA molecule has half of the old one |
|
|
Term
| If a normal diploid cell has eight chromosomes, then |
|
Definition
| there are four chromosomes per cell after meiosis. |
|
|
Term
| A bacterial cell splits into two new cells by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A codon of mRNA consists of three bases which will code for an amino acid. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pick the best choice for the following statement about DNA:
Joins sugar to phosphate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following contains nucleotides but no uracil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human body cell nuclei contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In sexually reproducing organisms, the source of chromosomes in the offspring is |
|
Definition
| half from the father and half from the mother. |
|
|
Term
| Which occurs in the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| transcription and replication of genetic material |
|
|
Term
Pick the best choice for the following statement about DNA:
Joins adenine and thymine, and also guanine and cytosine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the "S" portion of interphase, what is the cell doing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different kinds of nucleotides are in DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The longest period of a cell's life cycle is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals because |
|
Definition
| no meiosis or fertilization takes place. |
|
|
Term
Suppose one strand of a "mini-gene" has the following base sequence:
TACCCGGATTCA
The last codon in the mRNA will be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| reshuffling of genes combines different alleles in beneficial ways |
|
|
Term
| What was the main point of Griffith's experiments with pneumonia in mice? |
|
Definition
| There is a substance present in dead bacteria that can cause a heritable change in living bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| According to the Law of Segregation |
|
Definition
| pairs of factors separate during the formation of gametes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both of the alleles in a heterozygote are expressed phenotypically in an individual. |
|
|
Term
| Human skin color is the result of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sex-linked recessive condition resulting in abnormally excessive bleeding is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disorder caused by non-disjunction of chromosome 21 resulting in a trisomy 21 child is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Mendel's experiments, if the gene for tall (T) plants was incompletely dominant over the gene for short (t) plants, what would be the result of crossing two Tt plants? |
|
Definition
| 25% tall; 50% intermediate; 25% short |
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