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| The gradual shift from hunting and gathering to cultivating basic food crops that occurred worldwide from 7000 to 9000 years ago. This transition resulted in sedentary living, population growth, and establishment of permanent villages |
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| an agressive, warlike people who swept through the Valley of Mexico and conquered great cities that their enemies had constructed. The ruled by force and defeated rival to tributary status |
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| The exchange of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between Eruope and the Americas from first contact throughout te era of exploration |
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| Scandanavian seafarers (a.k.a. Norsemen) estalishhed settlement in the New World, but did not receive credit for another thousand years. |
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| Led Vikings in 984 to sail west from Iceland to a large island on the North Atlantic. He possessed a fine sense of public relations and named the island Greenland even though it was icy, so that people would colonize it with a more pleasant name |
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| A cultural awakening that began in Italy and spread throughout Europe in the fifteenth and sixteent centuries. This powerful humanistic movement encouraged creativity and a spirit of inquiry and brought forth new forms of artistic expression and political theory |
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| sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers, often of noble birth, who subdued the Native Americans and created the Spanish empire in the New World |
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| is credited with the discovery of the New World in 1492 |
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| Treaty negotiated by the pope in 1494 to resolve competing land claims of Spain and Portugal in the New World. It divided the whole world along a north-sourth line in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, granting to Spain all lands west of the line and to Portugal lands east of the line |
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| aroused by the rumors of wealth in Mexico and transformed Spain into the wealthiest state in Europe |
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| Leader of the Aztecs who was defeated by Cortes. At first, he thought the Spaniards were gods |
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| an exploitative labor system designed by Spanis rulers to reward conquistadors in the New World by granting them local villages and control over native labor |
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| where Spanish men often married Indians and blacks, which showed that the Spanish were more tolerant of racial different than the English |
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| Sent by the French King to find a northwest passage China, going through or around North America, but was unsuccessful |
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| French forest runners whoe followed Canada's great river networks, paddled deep into the heart of the continent in search of fresh sources of fur. |
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| Completed the first recorded transatlantic voyage by an English vessel in 1497 while attempting to find a northwest passage to Asia |
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| sixteenth-century religious movement to reform and challenge the spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church, associated with figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin |
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| the idea that everyone's final destination is determined before birth and it cannot be changed |
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| Escaped the Catholic Church not to reform it, but to purify it completely |
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| A colonoy that was extremely difficult to reach |
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| Appointed two captains to claim land granted to him by Queen Elizabeth and named it Virginia |
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| publicized explorers' accounts of the New World but failed to illustrate it correctly. He ignored te culture of the Native Americans and their suffering. He made America seem like a paradise, one that everyone would want to join |
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| Replacement of James II by William and Mary as English monarchs in 1688, marking the beginning of constitutional monarchy in Britain. American colonists celebrated this moment as a victory for the rule of law over despotism |
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| Virginia and Maryland. a.k.a the Tobacco Coast |
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| a business organization in which scores of people could invent without fear of bankruptcy |
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| a village the Europeans considered a promising location more than thirty miles from the mouth of the James River. It is a marshy peninsula jutting out into the river became the site for one of America's most unsuccessful villages. The low-ridden ground caused for many diseases. The drinking was contaminated. It seemed like the ideal place to build a fort, since surprise attack by Spaniards or Native Americans rather than sickness appeared the more serious threat in the early months of settlement. |
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| Virginia Company of London |
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| They funded the expedition to the New World in hopes of finding wealth.Jamestown was chosen as their site |
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| Traveled throughout Europe and fought with the Hungarian army against the Turks. He brought order out of anarchy. |
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| Werowance
Leader of the most powerful Indian confederation east of the Mississippi River. He and his men wanted to make the Europeans their allies against other Native Americas, but he soon realized THEY were his enemies.He tried first in 1622, and they were completely destroyed after their second try in 1644. |
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| Werowance
Leader of the most powerful Indian confederation east of the Mississippi River. He and his men wanted to make the Europeans their allies against other Native Americas, but he soon realized THEY were his enemies.He tried to drive them out first in 1622, and they were completely destroyed after their second try in 1644. |
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| Werowance
Leader of the most powerful Indian confederation east of the Mississippi River. He and his men wanted to make the Europeans their allies against other Native Americas, but he soon realized THEY were his enemies.He tried to drive them out first in 1622, and they were completely destroyed after their second try in 1644. |
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| Tobacco in Jamestown was bitter, so he smuggled in a better kind from Jamaica and sold in to Europeans and made losts of $$ |
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| Virginia House of Burgesses |
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| An elective representative assembly in colonial Virginia. It was the first example of representative goverment in the English colonies |
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| system of land distribution in which settlers were granted a fifty-acre plot of land from the colonial government for each servant or dependent they transported to the New World. The system encouraged the recruitment of a large servile labor force |
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| people brought over to the New World in order for their bringer to receive 50 acres of land. If they worked for 7 years, they became free |
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| founded Maryland. He was later known as Lord Baltimore |
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| also known as independents or separists |
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| agreement among the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to create a civil government at Plymouth Colony. |
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| friendliest/most relatable Indian to the Europeans |
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| members of this select group chosen by God would try to live according to Scripture, to battle sin and eradicate corruption |
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| govenor of Massachusattes Bay during the time of the Native Americans' rebellion over the scattered tobacco plantations of Virginia |
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| Massachusettes Bay Colony |
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| founded by John Winthrop in 1630 as a sanctuary for Puritans. By 1642, there were 18,000 settlers |
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| Founded by William Bradford and the pilgrims in 1620 for religious freedom for the separists |
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| When he came to Massachusetts Bay in 1631, he preached extreme separatism. He claimed that the colonists were impure int he sight of the Lord. He questioned the validity of the colony's charter and insisted that the civil rulers of Massachusetts shouldn't punish settlers for religious beliefs. In 1636 he was banished from the colony |
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| Second individual (after John Wintrhop) that challenged the colony of Massachusetts Bay. She followed Jon Cotton to the New World in 1634 and brought ideas of antinomianism. She accused people of having lost touch with the Holy Spirit. She has Scriptural meetings but was banished because they could not be proven |
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| religious belief rejecting traditional moral law as unnecessary for Christians who possessed saving grace and affirming that an individual could experience divine revelation and salvation without the assisstance of formally trained clergy |
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| founded because of the Dutch rivalry with Spain.It seemed an excellent base from which to attack Spain's coloines in the New World, but it lacked leadership. |
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| members of a radical religious group, formally known as the Society of Friends, that rejected formal theology and stressed each person's inner light, a spiritual guide to righteousness |
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man whose Dad Charles II owed money to, so he was given "Pennsylvania", meaning "Penn's Woods"
-also acquired land from Duke of York - Delaware |
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| Penn wanted to make Pennsylvania to where nobody would be aristocratic by giving each male 50 acres of land to ensure their right to vote. |
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| like a landowner - controlled who the land was given to |
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| allowed grandchildren of persons in full communion to be baptized even though their parents could not demonstrate conversion. |
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| What Puritan women in New England were called, which drew attention to their dependence on family patriarchs as well as to their roles as decision makers |
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slaves were better fed when they came closer to the New World so they looked more appealing
- hot tar would be used to fill in scars and missing chunks of skin
- hot oil was rubbed on their bodies to make their skin look healthy |
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| the most serious slave reblleion of the colonial period, which took place September 1739. 150 slaves murdered several white planters and many whites felt threatended by this |
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| an economic theory that shaped imperial policy throughout the colonial period, mercantilism was built on the assumption that the world's wealth was a fixied supply. In order to increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it imported. Favorable trade and protective economic policies, as well as new colonial possessions rich in raw materials, were important in achieving this balance |
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| a series of commercial restrictions passed by Parliament intenedd to regulate colonial commerce in such a way as to favor England's accumulation of wealth |
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| an armed rebellion in Virginia (1675-1676) led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colony's royal governor Sir William Berkeley. Although some of his followers called for an end of special privilege in government, Bacon was chiefly interested in gaining a larger share of the lucrative Indian trade |
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| a Wampanoag cheif known to the Englis colonists as King Phillipsm, led the Native Americans in a major was deisgned to remove the Europeans from New England. It left Massachusetts deeply in debt |
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| Cotton's father, pleaded the colonist's case in London and William abandoned the Dominion of New England in in 1691, Massachusetts received a new royal charter. The freemen no longer selected their governer, the choice now belonged to the king. Membership in the General Court was determined by annual election |
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| First to be hung in the Salem Witch Trials |
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| in the Salem With Trails, the court allowed reports of dreams and visions in which the accused appeared as the devil's agent to be introduced as testimony. The accused had no defense against this kind of "evidence". When the judges later disallowed this testimony, the executions for witchcraft ended |
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| In the aftermath of England's GLORIOUS REVOLUTION in 1688, Jacob Leisler seized control of New York's government. Although Leisler was executed as a traitor, his followers defended his memory against detractors well into the eighteenth century |
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| incorporated many colonies under a single appointed royal governor |
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| appointed royal governor of Dominion of New England. He was a military veteran and alienated everyone and enforced Navigation Acts. Overall, he was looked down upon by the colonists. He was often compared with Nero |
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| pushed to Northern Ireland by the English and then persecuted by the Anglicans. Most settled in Pennsylvania |
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| in the eighteenth century, the edge of settlement extending from western Pennsylvania to Georgia. This region formed the second fronteir as settlers moved westward from the Atlantic coast into the nation's interior |
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| Under the guidance of Francis Daniel Pastorious, they estbliahsed a prosperous community in Pennsylvania known as Germantown |
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| helps us understand how 18th century Indians held their own in the backcountry beyond the Appalachian Mountains, but they relied on white traders,metal goods and weapons. Their goal was to maintain a strong independent voice in these commercial changes. It can be imagined as an open, dynamic process of creative interaction |
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Philosophical movement during the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason to be the most important human ability. John Locke argued we have natural rights - life, liberty, property - government must protect those rights.
Montesquie argued against absolute monarchy |
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| exemplified Enlightenment thinking - invented stove, lightning rod, bifocials |
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| a weekly newspaper that satirized Boston's political and religious leaders. Ben Franklin wrote under the name Silence Dogood. |
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| a.k.a. wagons of the empire - invented by German immigrants living in the Conestoga River Valley. They were long and gracefully designed, carried by farmers who brought their grain to markets along an old Iroquois trailed that became known as the Great Wagon Road |
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| Puritans started straying from the Church and sought comfort in material belongings. It also target Native Ameriancs and African Americans. |
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| Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield |
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| wanted to restore Puritans' church attendance |
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| traveling revivalist ministers of the Great Awakening movement. These charismatic preachers spread revivalism throughout America |
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| men and women who thronged to hear the itinerant preachers |
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| elected members believed that they had a special obligation to preserve colonial liberties. Their purpose was to make the people happy |
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| elected members believed that they had a special obligation to preserve colonial liberties. Their purpose was to make the people happy |
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| a.k.a. The War of the League of Augsburg, when william III declared war on Louis XIV. No territorial gains were made, but Massachusetts and New York suffered considerably |
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a.k.a War of the Austrian Succession (War of Jenkin's Ear)
It was a struggle among Britain, Spain, and France for control of New World territory |
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a.k.a. Seven Years' War
Disputed lands in Western Pennsylvania caused dispute. Duquesne, seen as the key to rich farm settlements, was claimed by both the French and the British. When the British found out a fort had been built, George Washington was sent to warn the French to evacute. British was severely beaten in the war |
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| where George Washington construced an outpost, 60 miles outside of Duquesne, |
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| Him and his 1500 men were ambushed by French soldiers and their Native American allies |
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| Him and his 1500 men were ambushed by French soldiers and their Native American allies |
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| as prime minister, put together a massive army of 50,000 men to fight the French, but had to borrow a large amount of money to do so. |
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Ended French and Indian War
France gave Canada and all land claims east of Miss. River to France
France kept Guadeloupe
Spain received Louisianna and New Orleans from French, and Cuba was restored to Spain
Spain temporarily gave Florida to the British |
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