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| consists of genetic change in organisms across gernations. change often leads to change in the appearance |
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| the process by which traits that enhance survival and repoduction are passed or more frequently to future generations than those that do not, altering genetic makeup of a population |
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| Charles Darwin/ Alfred Russel Wallace |
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| They each proposed the concept of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution and as a way to explain the great variety of living things. |
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| adaptive trait/ adaptation |
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| species will evolve to posses characteristics that lead to better and better success in a given enviroment |
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| accidental alterations that arise during DNA replication |
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| the process of selection conducted under human direction |
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| biological diversity/ biodiversity |
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| refers to the sum total of all organisms in an area, taking into account the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, and their communities |
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| group of individuals of a particular species that live in the same area. |
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| particular type of organism/ population/ share certain characteristics and can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspring. |
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| new species are generated. due to physical seperation of populations over some geographic distance |
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| treelike diagrams that explain relationships between among species, major groups of species, populations, or genes. |
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| the cumulative body of fossils worldwide |
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| the disappearance of a species from earth |
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| killed off massive numbers of species at once |
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| cumulative total of living things on earth and the areas they inhabit |
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| investigates the quantitative dynamics of how individuals within a sepcies interact with one another |
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| interactions among species, from one to one interactions to complex interrelationships involving entire communities. |
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| a species...reflects its use of resources and its funcitonal role in a community. |
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| organisms vary in the breadth of their niche. species with narrow breadth and thus very specific requirements are said to be... |
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| those with broad tolerance, able to use a wide array of habitats or resources |
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| expressed as a number of indivisuals |
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| describes the number of individuals within a population per unit area |
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| describes the spatial arrangement of organisms within an area, random, uniform, or clumped |
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| physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the environment that restrain population growth |
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| rises sharply at first, then drifts as limiting factors become stronger |
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| factors are limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density |
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| k-stabilize near carrying capacity/ r-focus on quantity not quality |
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| when species divide because they use their resources in different ways |
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| when species benefit from each other |
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| species in close physical contact/ mutation |
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| assemblage of species living in the same place at the same time |
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| the first trophic level. plants. energy |
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| organisms that consume producers. primary. secondary trophic level. grazing deer/ cattle |
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| detritivores/ consume non-living things. |
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| animal that has a strong impact on life. holds the structure together |
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| if a disturbance is severe enough to eliminate all or most of the species in a community, the affected site will undergo a somewhat predicatable series of changes that ecologists cal... |
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| begins when a disturbance dramatically alters an existing community but does not destroy life all together |
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| animals that are well adapting for colonization, they arrive first and colonate |
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| can alter a community substantially/ one of the central ecological forces into todays world |
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| restore it back to its natural position |
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| a major regional complex of similar communities/ a large ecological unit recognized primarily by its dominant plant type and vegetation structure |
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