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| adrenal glands or suprarenal glands |
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| located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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| hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex |
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| regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antiinfammatory effects: cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid |
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| maintain salt and water balance |
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| influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, for example, facial hair and deep voice |
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| hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response |
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| epinephrine or adrenaline |
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| secreted in response to fear or physical injury |
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| secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress |
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| located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone |
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| responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics |
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| regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy |
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| islets of Langerhans of the pancreas |
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| endocrine tissue within the pancreas; secretes insulin and glucagon |
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| a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose |
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| a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar |
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| two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the throid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone |
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| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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| regulates calcium and phophorus metabolism |
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| located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin |
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| exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty |
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| a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin |
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| pituitary gland or hypophysis |
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| located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries, and testicles |
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| anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis |
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| anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, leteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin |
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| posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis |
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| posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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| stimulates secretion from thyroid gland |
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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| stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex |
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| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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| initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm in males |
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| causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes |
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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| affects skin pigmentation |
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| prolactin or lactogenic hormone |
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| stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy |
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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| influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules |
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| influences uterine contraction |
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| located on both sides within the scrotum in the male |
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| affects masculinization and reproduction |
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| located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin |
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| regulates immune response |
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| located in the front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin |
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| known as the thyroid hormones and regulate metabolism |
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| regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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