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| Agents of terror who enforced the tsar's will |
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| landowning nobels in Russia |
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| a holy image (of christ, mary, a saint) in the Eastern Orthodox Church |
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| a city in Russia and center of trade |
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| ruler of the Ottoman empire, modernized the army and conquered new lands |
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| successor of Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims |
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| an Arab thinker, set standards for the study of history |
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| became rich and successful because it controlled trade (Constantinople), and had a strong central government |
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| split between the Easterm orthodox church and Roman Catholic church partially because of the use of icons |
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| brought Northern Russia under his rule and limited the power of the boyars (nobles) |
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| Rebuild the Hagia Sophia, revised and organized a code of laws, and used his power to unify the empire |
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| prophet of Islam, founder of Islamic faith; united the Muslims and brough peace amongst the clans |
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| the duties all Muslims must follow: faith (in Allah), prayer (5x a day), hajj (to Mecca), fast (during ramadan), alms (money to poor) |
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| Muslim "Golden Age"Achievements |
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| astrolabe, calligraphy, domed mosques, set standards for study of history, algebra, etc |
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| merchants spread Islam over trade routes |
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| new forms of business created by Muslims |
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| "Age of Gunpowder", Constantinople is renamed Istambul, tolerant of different religions |
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