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| The method of communication researchers use to describe and interpret the characteristics of a recorded or visual message |
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| Verbatim recordings of actual communication such as written transcripts |
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| Messages produced by communicators themselves including: written artifacts, works of art and other symbolic outputs |
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| involves examining the communication embedded in existing records of human behavior kept in archives |
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| a systematic method for describing, analyzing, interpreting and evaluating the persuasive force of messages embedded within texts |
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| Functions of Rhetorical Criticism |
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Definition
-shows purposes
-explains social, cultural, historical contexts
-provides social criticism
-contributes to theory-building
-pedagogical (teaching something new about persuasion) |
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| Examines characteristics and effects of persuasive public speaking |
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| Contemporary Rhetorical Criticism |
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| Incorporation of philosophical, theoretical and methodological perspectives used to study the impact of types of text and messages |
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| Examines how important past events shape and are shaped by rhetorical messages, |
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| Rejects using a single set of criteria to evaluate all persuasive messages. Instead the standards vary by genre of text being studied |
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| The view that all communication can be seen in terms of elements that comprise a dramatic event. |
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| Assumes we can never know reality directly |
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| Assumes all messages function as narratives |
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| Analyzes how conceptions of gender are produced and maintained in persuasive messages |
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| Used to identify, enumerate and analyze occurrences of specific messages and message characteristics embedded in texts |
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| Qualitative Content Analysis |
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| When researchers are more concerned with the meaning associated with messages than with the number of times message variables occur |
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| Quantitative Content Analysis |
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Definition
| Systematic and replicable examinations of symbols of communication which have been assinged numeric values according to valid measurement rules, and the analysis of relationships involving those values using statistical methods in order to: describe the communication, draw inferences about its meaning or infer from the communication to its context, both of production and consumption |
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| Value of Quantitative Analysis |
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Definition
-An unobtrusive technique
-Accepts unstructured material
-Data appears in a context
-Handles massive amounts of data |
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-Physical
-Syntactical
-Referential/Character
-Propositional
-Thematic |
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| First step, identifying a message to code |
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The space and time devoted to content such as the number of particular items
Ex. average story length and proportion of items on the front page |
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| Have symbolic meaning and are less standardized than physical units |
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Consist of discrete unites of language such as individual words, sentences, paragraphs
Ex. Determine balanced coverage by counting # of words devoted to one side of argument |
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| Referential/Character Units |
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Involve some physical or temporal unit referred to within the content. Can be used to measure the meaning attached to a particular person, event or issue
Ex. national media coverage of female congressional candidates |
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Place content into a consistent structure such as assertions about an object
Ex. Analyze patients' memorable pos/neg experiences during hospital stay |
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| Place content into a consistent structure such as assertions about an object |
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Topics contained within messages
Ex. Depiction of race in reality-based police TV show |
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| Observers who identify the appropriate category for each unit |
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| Study of interaction using quantitative methods |
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| Study of interaction using quantitative methods |
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| Conducting Interaction Analysis |
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Definition
-obtaining a sample of interaction
-analyzing that sample of interaction |
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| The process of dialogic engagement with one's own and others' aesthetic communication through the means of performance |
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| Content analysis is a research technique for the objective, systematic and quantitative description of manifest content of communication |
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| Emphasized "inference"-reading between the lines. The context of the content is important to the analysis |
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| Benefits of Content Analysis |
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Definition
-Analyze large data sets
-Data is readily available
-Conducted quickly and cheaply
-Unobtrusive method of analysis
-Account for content items
-Generalizable
-No IRB |
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| Disadvantages of Content Analysis |
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Definition
-Communication must be recorded
-Rigid categories overlook insight
-Difficulty in implementing(sampling, ICR) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Formulate RQ's and hypothesis
2. Select Sample
3. Define Categories
4. Outline coding processes, train coders
5. Implement coding process
6. Determine reliability and validity
7. Analyze Results |
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| There are X items with X variables in each category: |
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