Term
| For alcohols to undergo substitution or elimination reactions, the OH must first _____ |
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Definition
| be converted into a better leaving group |
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Term
| _____ changes OH from a bad leaving group into neutral water, a good leaving group |
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Definition
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Term
| The acid catalyzed SN2 reaction of _____ alcohols with HBr or HI is a good way of preparing simple primary haloalkanes |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the treatment of primary alcohols with HBr or HI produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is produced from tertiary alcohols in the presence of excess concentrated aqueous hydrogen halide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tertiary haloalkanes can be created from _____ alcohols in the presence of excess concentrated hydrogen halide |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of alcohols show the most complex behavior in the presence of HX? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of a molecule of water |
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Term
| _____ can undergo rearrangement by hydride shifts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the hydrogen moves with both electrons from its original position to the neighboring carbon atom |
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Term
| In hydride shifts, do both electrons move with the hydrogen atom or remain at the original carbon? |
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Definition
| they move with the hydrogen atom |
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Term
| Why are hydrogen shifts from a tertiary hydrogen to an electron-deficient secondary carbon beneficial to the molecule? |
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Definition
| it generates a tertiary carbocation which is more stable than the original secondary carbocation |
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Term
| In a hydrogen shift, what "exchanges places" on the molecule? |
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Definition
| the hydrogen & the positive charge |
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Term
| Carbocations can undergo another mode of rearrangement besides hydrogen shift called _____ |
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Definition
| alkyl group migration/alkyl shift |
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Term
| In an alkyl shift, what "exchanges places" on the molecule? |
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Definition
| the moving alkyl group & the positive charge |
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Term
| Reactions of alcohols with carboxylic acids converts them to _____ |
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Definition
| organic esters (AKA carboxylates/alkanoates) |
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Term
| What is replaced in a carboxylic acid to convert them to an organic ester when treated with an alcohol? |
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Definition
| the hydroxy group is replaced with an alkoxy |
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Term
| What type of esters are formed from inorganic acids? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alcohols reacting with carboxylic acids in the presence of catalytic amounts of inorganic acid to give organic esters & water |
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Term
| The IUPAC naming system for ethers treats them as _____ |
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Definition
| alkanes that bear an alkoxy substituent; as alkoxyalkanes |
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Term
| In common names for ethers, the names of the two alkyl groups are followed by the word ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Cyclic ether are members of a class of cycloalkanes in which one or more carbons have been replaced by a _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any atom except carbon & hydrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| cyclic compounds that contain at least one heteroatom |
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Term
| oxacycloalkane stem used for naming cyclic ethers |
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Definition
| the prefix "oxa" indicates the replacement of carbon by oxygen in the ring |
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Term
| In oxacycloalkane molecules, the prefix _____ indicates the replacement of carbon by oxygen in the ring |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cyclic polyethers that contain multiple ether functional groups based on the 1,2-ethanediol unit; the molecules adopt a crown-like conformation in the crystalline state & in solution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ion transport agents/ionophores |
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Definition
| compounds that organize themselves around cations by coordination |
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Term
| Williamson ether synthesis |
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Definition
| having an alkoxide react with a primary haloalkane or a sulfonate ester under typical SN2 conditions to form an ether |
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