Term
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Definition
| the most common source of chemical energy used by organisms |
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Term
| 4 steps in the oxidation of glucose via cellular respiration to convert the chemical energy in glucose to the chemical energy in ATP |
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Definition
1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate processing
3. citric acid cycle
4. electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| one 6-carbon molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of the three-carbon compound pyruvate; ATP is produced from ADP; NAD+ is reduced to form NADH; occurs in cytoplasm of eukaryotes & prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| pyruvate is processed to release one CO2; two carbons are used to form acetyl CoA; oxidation of pyruvate leads to NAD+ being reduced to NADH; occurs in matrix of mitochondria or cytoplasm of prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| acetyl CoA is oxidized to two CO2; more ATP & NADH are produced; FAD is reduced to FADH2; occurs in matrix of mitochondria or cytoplasm of prokaryotes |
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Term
| electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| electrons from NADH & FADH2 move through ETC; energy creates a proton gradient across the membrane; protons cross membrane back to make ATP; occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria or plasma membrane of prokaryotes |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| ATP phosphorylation through the proton gradient made by the ETC is linked to the oxidation of NADH & FADH2 |
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Term
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Definition
| any suite of reactions that uses electrons harvested from high-energy molecules to produce ATP via an electron transport chain |
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| in humans, about half the required amino acids can be synthesized from molecules siphoned from the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| acetyl CoA is the starting point for anabolic pathways that result in the synthesis of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| intermediates in _____ can be oxidized to start the synthesis of the sugars in ribonucleotides & deoxyribonucleotides |
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Definition
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| if ATP is abundant, _____ & _____ (from fermentation) can be used in the synthesis of glucose |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell is able to maintain its internal environment even under different environmental conditions |
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Term
| 10 steps/reactions of glycolysis |
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Definition
1. transfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose, increasing its potential energy
2. converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate (an isomer)
3. transfers a phosphate from ATP to the opposite end of fructose-6-phosphate, increasing its potential energy
4. cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two different 3-carbon sugars
5. converts DAP to G3P (used as a substrate)
6. oxidized G3P using NAD+ coenzyme to produce NADH; energy from this reaction attaches Pi to oxidized G3P to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
7. transfers a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to make 3-phosphoglycerate & ATP
8. rearranges phosphate in 3-phosphoglycerate to make 2-phosphoglycerate
9. removes a water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate to make C=C & produce phosphoenolpyruvate
10. transfers a phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP to make pyruvate & ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose, increasing its potential energy |
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Term
| phosphoglucose isomerase (G2) |
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Definition
| converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate (an isomer) |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers a phosphate from ATP to the opposite end of fructose-6-phosphate, increasing its potential energy |
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Term
| fructose-bis-phosphate aldolase (G4) |
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Definition
| cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two different 3-carbon sugars |
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Term
| tricose phosphate isomerase (G5) |
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Definition
| converts DAP to G3P (used as a substrate) |
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Term
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6) |
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Definition
| oxidized G3P using NAD+ coenzyme to produce NADH; energy from this reaction attaches Pi to oxidized G3P to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate |
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Term
| phosphoglycerate kinase (G7) |
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Definition
| transfers a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to make 3-phosphoglycerate & ATP |
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Term
| phosphoglycerate mutase (G8) |
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Definition
| rearranges phosphate in 3-phosphoglycerate to make 2-phosphoglycerate |
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Term
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Definition
| removes a water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate to make C=C & produce phosphoenolpyruvate |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers a phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP to make pyruvate & ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| the region inside the inner membrane but outside the cristae |
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Term
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Definition
| the sac-like structures that fill the interior of the mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| the compound with which pyruvate reacts inside the mitochondrion |
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Term
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Definition
| the product of the reactions between pyruvate & CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme complex inside which the reaction sequence between pyruvate & CoA occurs |
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Term
| 8 steps/reactions of the citric acid cycle |
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Definition
1. transfers the 2-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the 4-carbon oxaloacetate to produce the 6-carbon citrate
2. converts citrate to isocitrate by the removal of one water molecule & the addition of another water molecule
3. oxidizes isocitrate using NAD+ to produce NADH & release one CO2, resulting in the formation of the 5-carbon molecule alpha-ketoglutarate
4. oxidizes alpha-ketoglutarate using NAD+ to produce NADH & release one CO2; remaining 4-carbon molecule is added to CoA to form succinyl CoA
5. CoA is removed, converting succinyl CoA to succinate; energy released is used to transfer Pi to GDP to form GTP or to ADP to form ATP
6. oxidizes succinate by transferring two hydrogens to FAD to make FADH2, resulting in fumarate
7. converts fumarate to malate by addition of water molecule
8. oxidizes malate by using NAD+ to produce NADH, resulting in regeneration of oxaloacetate |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers the 2-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the 4-carbon oxaloacetate to produce the 6-carbon citrate |
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Term
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Definition
| converts citrate to isocitrate by the removal of one water molecule & the addition of another water molecule |
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Term
| isocitrate dehydrogenase (CA 3) |
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Definition
| oxidizes isocitrate using NAD+ to produce NADH & release one CO2, resulting in the formation of the 5-carbon molecule alpha-ketoglutarate |
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Term
| alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (CA 4) |
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Definition
| oxidizes alpha-ketoglutarate using NAD+ to produce NADH & release one CO2; remaining 4-carbon molecule is added to CoA to form succinyl CoA |
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Term
| succinyl-CoA synthetase (CA 5) |
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Definition
| CoA is removed, converting succinyl CoA to succinate; energy released is used to transfer Pi to GDP to form GTP or to ADP to form ATP |
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Term
| succinate dehydrogenase (CA 6) |
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Definition
| oxidizes succinate by transferring two hydrogens to FAD to make FADH2, resulting in fumarate |
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Term
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Definition
| converts fumarate to malate by addition of water molecule |
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Term
| malate dehydrogenase (CA 8) |
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Definition
| oxidizes malate by using NAD+ to produce NADH, resulting in regeneration of oxaloacetate |
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Term
| electron transport chain (ETC) |
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Definition
| the molecules responsible for the oxidation of NADH & FADH2 |
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Term
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Definition
| NADH dehydrogenase; oxidizes NADH & transfers the two electrons through proteins containing FMN prosthetic groups & FeS cofactors to reduce an oxidized form of Q; four H+ are pumped out |
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Term
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Definition
| succinate dehydrogenase; oxidizes FADH2 & transfers two electrons through proteins containing FeS cofactors to reduce an oxidized form of Q |
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Term
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Definition
| ubiquinone; reduced by complexes I & II & moves throughout the interior of ETC membrane where it is oxidized by complex III |
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Term
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Definition
| cytochrome c reductase; oxidizes Q & transfers one electron at a time through proteins containing heme prosthetic groups & FeS cofactors to reduce an oxidated form of cyt c; four H+ for each pair of electrons is transported |
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Term
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Definition
| cytochrome c; reduced by accepting a single electron from complex III & moves along surface of ETC membrane where it is oxidized by complex IV |
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Term
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Definition
| cytochrome c oxidase; oxidizes cyt c & transfers each electron through proteins containing heme prosthetic groups to reduce O2 which picks up two H+ from the matrix to produce water; two H+ are pumped |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that both hydrolyzes & synthesizes ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of a proton gradient to drive energy-requiring process |
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Term
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Definition
| based on a proton electrochemical gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on oxygen as an electron acceptor for the ETC |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on electron acceptors other than oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ by oxidizing stockpiles of NADH; the electrons removed from NADH are transferred to pyruvate instead of an electron transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
| regenerates NAD+ by forming a product molecule called lactate |
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Term
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Definition
| instead of depositing the electrons from NADH into pyruvate, cells first convert pyruvate to the two-carbon compound acetaldehyde (reaction gives off carbon dioxide) |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that can switch between fermentation & cellular respiration that uses oxygen as an electron acceptor |
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