Term
| What are the two purposes of film processing? |
|
Definition
1.convert a latent image to a visible image
2.preserve the visible image so that it does not disappear on the radiograph |
|
|
Term
| What do silver halide crystals in the film emulsion do? |
|
Definition
| adsorb radiation during exposure and stores the energy from radiation |
|
|
Term
| What does the stored energy in the silver halide crystals do after being exposed? |
|
Definition
| form a pattern and create a invisible image |
|
|
Term
| What is the pattern of stored energy on the exposed film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you get a visible image from a latent image? |
|
Definition
| a chemical reaction occurs |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the halide portion of the exposed, energized silver halide crystal? What is this process called? |
|
Definition
| it is removed, it is called reduction |
|
|
Term
| What does reduction result in? |
|
Definition
| the exposed crystals becoming black |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the unexposed silver halide crystals as a result of reduction? What is this process called? |
|
Definition
| They are removed from the film, this is called selective reduction |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 steps in film processing? |
|
Definition
1.development
2.rinsing
3.fixation
4.washing
5.drying |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the development stage? (2) |
|
Definition
1.reduces the exposed, energized silver halide crystals into black, metallic silver
2.softens the film emulsion |
|
|
Term
| What does the rinse stage do? |
|
Definition
| stops the development process |
|
|
Term
| What does the fixation stage do? (2) |
|
Definition
1. removes the unexposed, unenergized silver halide crystals from the film
2.hardens the film emulsion |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of washing? |
|
Definition
| to remove all excess chemicals from the emulsion |
|
|
Term
| What is the final things that must happen to a film before they can be handled for mounting or viewing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways that film processing solutions can be obtained? |
|
Definition
1.powder
2.ready to use liquid
3.liquid concentrate |
|
|
Term
| What are three things that must be done to the film processing solutions to maintain freshness? |
|
Definition
1.must be replenished daily
2.must be changed every 3-4 weeks
3.must be changed more frequently when large numbers of films are processed |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 ingredients in developer solution? |
|
Definition
1.developing agent(reducing agent)
2.preservative
3.accelerator
4.restrainer |
|
|
Term
| What does the developing agent do? |
|
Definition
| it produces the radiographic image |
|
|
Term
| What two chemicals are in the developing agent and what do they do? |
|
Definition
1.hydroquinone-generates black tone and sharp contrast
2.elon-generates shades of grey |
|
|
Term
| What does the preservative do? What chemical is it? |
|
Definition
antioxidant that prevents developer solution from oxidizing in air-losing strength
sodium sulfate |
|
|
Term
| What does the accelerator do and what chemical is it? |
|
Definition
| activates the developer agents, sodium carbonate |
|
|
Term
| What does the restrainer do and what chemical is it? |
|
Definition
| controls developer to prevent further developing, potassium bromide |
|
|
Term
| What is the optimal temperature for developing film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What temperature does our automatic film processor work at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of solutions in fixer? |
|
Definition
1.fixing agent(clearing agent)
2.preservative
3.hardening agent
4.acidifier |
|
|
Term
| What types of chemicals are in the fixing agent and what do they do? |
|
Definition
sodium thiosulfate, ammonium thiosulfate
these chemicals remove all unexposed or underdeveloped silver halide crystals from emulsion |
|
|
Term
| What chemical makes up the preservative? |
|
Definition
| antioxidant, sodium sulfate |
|
|
Term
| What chemicals make up the hardening agent what does do they do? |
|
Definition
| potassium alum, harden and shrink gelatin |
|
|
Term
| What chemical makes us the acidifier and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| acetic acid or sulfuric acid, it neutralizes alkaline developer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a completely darkened environment where x-ray film can be handled and processed to produce diagnostic x-rays |
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements for a darkroom? (5) |
|
Definition
1.conveniently located
2.adequate size
3.equipped with correct lighting
4.arranged with ample work space with adequate storage
5.temperature and humidity control |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of a darkroom determined by? (5) |
|
Definition
1.volume of radiographs
2.number of persons
3.type of processing equipment
4.space required for duplication of films
5.storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long wavelengths in the red-orange portion of the visible light spectrum |
|
|
Term
| What wattage should a safelight be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a safelight filter do? |
|
Definition
| removes short wavelengths in the blue-green portion of visible light spectrum |
|
|
Term
| How far away should a safelight be from the film and working area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements for the darkroom work space? |
|
Definition
-must include adequate counter area where films can be unwrapped
-must be kept clean, dry, and free from processing chemicals |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of processors? |
|
Definition
1.processing tanks(manual processor)
2.Automatic processor |
|
|
Term
| How do you use a manual processor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many compartments is a manual processor divided into? And what are their names? |
|
Definition
| 3 total- developer solution, water bath, fixer solution |
|
|
Term
| What are the two insert tanks in a processing tank? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the insert tanks fit into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the insert tanks fit into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the master tank filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the mixing valve do? |
|
Definition
| controls the water temperature |
|
|
Term
| What is a drawback to automatic processors? |
|
Definition
| maybe limited to certain sizes of film |
|
|
Term
| Where is the thermometer placd in manual film processors? |
|
Definition
| in the developer solution |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in manual film processing from the very beginning to end? (17) |
|
Definition
1.identify solution/check levels
2.stir solutions
3.check temp to determine timer
4.label film hanger-patient name/date of exposure
5.close darkroom door, turn off light, turn on safelight
6.unwrap each exposed film
7.clip each film to labeled film hanger
8.immerse film in developer solution, agitate
9.remove from developer, place in water
10.immerse in fixer, agitate
11.remove from fixer, place in water
12.remove films from water
13.air dry films
14.remove radiographs from film hanger
15.examine radiographs
16.mount
17.clean processing equipment and work surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What are the three things that deteoriate processing solution? |
|
Definition
1.exposure to air
2.continued use
3.chemical contamination |
|
|
Term
| What are the two things that effect processing densities? |
|
Definition
1.temperature
2.concentration |
|
|
Term
| What happens if your developer is exhausted? |
|
Definition
| it will not fully develop the latent image |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the fixer is exhausted? |
|
Definition
| it does not stop the chemical reaction sufficiently |
|
|
Term
| How often must fixer and developer be replenished? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when developer and fixer combine with oxygen and loose strength |
|
|
Term
| What causes deposits to build up on inside walls of insert tanks? |
|
Definition
| mineral salts in water and carbonate in processing tanks |
|
|
Term
| What must tanks be cleaned with when solutions are changed? |
|
Definition
| commercial cleaner or hydrochloric acid |
|
|
Term
| Why is automatic film processing preferred to manual film processing? (4) |
|
Definition
1.Less processing time required
2.time and temperature automatically controlled
3.less equipment used
4.less space required |
|
|
Term
| What are the 9 components of the automatic processor? |
|
Definition
1.roller transport system
2.processor housing
3.film feed slot
4.developer compartment
5.fixer compartment
6.water compartment
7.drying chamber
8.replenisher pump and solutions
9.film recovery slot |
|
|
Term
| Step-by-step procedure for automatic processor-4 |
|
Definition
1.prepare darkroom
2.prepare films
3.insert each unwrapped film into the film feel slot of the processor
4.retrieve processed radiographs |
|
|
Term
| What is cleaning film used for? |
|
Definition
| to clean the rollers of an automatic processor and sometimes it is used to push film that is stuck in the processor through |
|
|
Term
| How often should processor solution levels be checked? |
|
Definition
| at the beginning of each day? |
|
|
Term
| What are some problems one might run into when using a film duplicator? |
|
Definition
1.time and temp
2.chemical contamination
3.film handling
4.clinician error** |
|
|
Term
| What does underdeveloped film look like and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| film is too light, causes by too little time in developer, temp is too cold, or depleted or diluted solution |
|
|
Term
| What does overdeveloped film look like and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| film looks too dark, too much time in developer, temp too warm, solution too concentrated |
|
|
Term
| What does film look like when there is reticulation of emulsion? What causes this? |
|
Definition
| film looks cracked, drastic temp change between developer and water bath |
|
|
Term
| What are three chemical contamination errors? |
|
Definition
1.developer spots
2.fixer spots
3.yellow-brown stains |
|
|
Term
| what do developer spots look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do fixer spots look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes yellow-brown stains on film? |
|
Definition
| insufficient time in fixer or water |
|
|
Term
| What does a developer cut-off look like? What causes it? |
|
Definition
| straight white border appears on film, levels of developer solution too low |
|
|
Term
| What does a fixer cut-off look like? |
|
Definition
| straight black border on film, caused by levels of fixer solution being too low |
|
|
Term
| What happens when films overlap in the automatic processor? |
|
Definition
| white or dark areas appear on films |
|
|
Term
| What happens when there are air bubbles in the automatic processor? |
|
Definition
| white spots appear on film |
|
|
Term
| What does a fingernail artifact look like on a film? What causes it? |
|
Definition
| black crescent-shaped mark on the film, caused by clinician's nail being too long |
|
|
Term
| What does a fingerprint artifact look like on a film? |
|
Definition
| black fingerprint on film |
|
|
Term
| What does scratched film/emulsion look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does static electricity cause? And what causes this? |
|
Definition
| thin, black branching lines on film and it can happen with wrong temperatures int he automatic processor |
|
|
Term
| What does a light leak cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does fogged film look like? |
|
Definition
| lacks image detail contrast(appears grey overall) |
|
|
