Term
| The world is a _____ of languages? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is it possible to identify related languages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What language gave rise to the romance languages? |
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Definition
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Term
| When were the first languages spoken by the Homo Sapiens Sapiens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first language spoken by the Homo Sapiens Sapiens? |
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Term
| What has language diversification long been charted by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What technique is crutial to linguistic research? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Deep Reconstruction? |
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Definition
| To deduce a large part of the vocabulary of a language |
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Term
| Less than 20 years ago, who studied Sanskrit and discovered resemblence between vocabulary and grammer of Sanskrit and ancient Greek and Latin? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 19th century who suggested sound shifts might prove a relationship between languages and scientific manner? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are constants formed? |
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Definition
| By constriction of sound channel |
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Term
| How is it believed constants change over time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Constants ______ over time? |
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Definition
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Term
| From who came the first linguistic hypothesis about the Proto-Indo-European language family? |
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Definition
| William Jones and Jacob Grimm |
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Term
| What is the first task followed to discover the Proto-Indo-Europen language? |
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Definition
| Vocabulary Resconstruction |
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Term
| What is the second task followed to discover the Proto-Indo-Europen language? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the third task followed to discover the Proto-Indo-Europen language? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fourth task followed to discover the Proto-Indo-Europen language? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the first scholar to compare the worlds language families of a tree? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did August Schleicher suggest in the 19th century? |
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Definition
| Basic process of language formation is language divergence |
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Term
| What is language divergence? |
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Definition
| Differentiation over time and space |
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Term
| What is a complicating factor of language convergence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when long isolated languages make contact? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when languages of traditional, numerically smaller, and technologically less people have been replaced or modified by languages of invaders? |
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Definition
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Term
| Languages with words for _____ narrow location? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is time less an issue? |
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Definition
| When vocabulary refers physiographic features |
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Term
| Where does a conquest theory believe the origin lay? |
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Definition
| North of Black Sea in steepes of Ukraine and Russia |
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Term
| When does the conquest theory believe the origin developed? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the conquest theory believe language spread? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who suggested it was the spread of agriculture that diffused Proto-Indo-European? |
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Definition
| Luca-Cavalli-Sforza and Robert Ammerman |
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Term
| Who published a book in 1984 which reported terms were supplemented for trees such as mountain oak, pine, fir, willow, and ash? |
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Definition
| Thomas Gamkrelidze and Victor Ivanow |
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Term
| Where does the agriculture theory suggest the hearth originated? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the horse domesticated and the wheel put into use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who argued farming led to unpredicted increase in populated? |
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Definition
| Robert Sokal, Neal Olden, Chester Wilson |
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Term
| It was proposed that every __ years the agricultural frontier moved __ kilometers (__ miles)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anatolian region isn't an environment for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who described that East diffusion must have occured between Sanskrit and Ancient Latin and Greek? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long was the evolution and diffusion of Proto? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long was language divergence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who carried agriculture theory by proposing not one but three agricultural hearths rise to language families? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did Indo-European come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which country has long been in the forefront of research of ancient languages but work wasn't well known until recently? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 1960's who tackled problems of deep reconstruction of language ancestral Proto? |
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Definition
| Vladislave Illich-Svitych and Aharon Dolguplsky |
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Term
| What is believed to be the mother tongue based on the 1960's research? |
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Definition
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Term
| Speakers of Nostratic were _______ and _________ not _______? |
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Definition
| Hunters; Gatherers; Farmers |
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Term
| What is Nostratic the ancestor of? |
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Definition
| Indo-European, Kartvelian, Uralic-Altaic, Dravidian, Afro-Asiatic |
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Term
| What was the final stage of older language dispersal? |
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Definition
| Pacific Realm and Americas |
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Term
| When did Polynesians reach New Zeland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Polynesians reached Australia when? |
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Definition
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Term
| New Guinea was reached earlier or later? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did root-crop cultivation begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did root-crop cultivation being? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was it believed Austronesians reached Taiwan? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two Austronesian dialects? |
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Definition
| Malayo-Polynesian, Polynesian |
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Term
| What is the current language map of the Americas dominated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Indo-European languages engulf in the Americas? |
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Definition
| Native American languages |
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Term
| How many Native Americans were in the Americas just before the European invasion? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was it believed the earliest people crossed the Berling land bridge? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many Native American language families were there? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what book (1987) did Joseph Greenberg propose 3 families of indigenous American languages? |
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Definition
| "Language in the Americas" |
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Term
| What are the three families of indigenous American languages? |
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Definition
| Amerind, Na-Dene, Eskimo-Aleut |
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Term
| When did a rock shelter in Pennsylvania have artifacts dated 16,000 years ago and in Chile were artifacts dated 33,000 years ago? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the first wave of migrants actually cross the Pacific ocean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of speakers will not remain the same? |
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Definition
| Speakers of nonwritten languages |
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Term
| The diffusion of a single tongue over a large area occurs only with what two things? |
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Definition
| When people remain in contact with one another and continue to rely on a common linguistic frame of reference |
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Term
| The changing character of the world's linguistic mosaic has been influenced by what three things? |
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Definition
1. Literacy- texts are a primary means by which language can be stabilized
2. Technology- influences production of written texts and the interaction of distant people
3. Political Organization- affects who people have access and which areas are in close contact with one another |
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Term
| By ____ years ago, languages have successfully diffused over subcontinents? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two developments in the middle ages are important to emergence of modern language pattern? |
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Definition
| Printing press, nation-states rise |
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Term
| What did the printing press help spread? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the nation-states rise help promote? |
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Definition
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Term
| Language is a powerful component of _________ and links in the heart of many current conflicts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of the world's people speak Indo-European languages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the precessor of Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the prdecessor of Proto-Indo-European? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nostratic has no word for what animal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of the worlds language history through Nostratic can we see? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the route of Austronesian? |
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Definition
| Started in Chineese mainland, and then to Taiwan to Phillipines |
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Term
| Who speaks Malayo-Polynesian? |
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Definition
| Madagascar, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Fiji |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Romance languages are derived from Latin. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: All languages are spread by contageous diffusion. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Language started in one agricultural hearth. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: The divergence of languages in the New World is difficult to understand. |
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Definition
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