Term
| What are the three general functions of the central nervous system? |
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Definition
1. Sensory input
2. Integration of sensory and motor activities
3. Motor input |
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Term
| What are the three types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
1. Motor areas - control voluntary movement
2. Sensory areas - conscious awareness of sensation
3. Association areas - integrate diverse information |
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Term
| Which lobe of the brain is responsible for controlling voluntary movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing sensations of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structure of the brain inhibits muscle tone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structure of the brain is made of up of the thalamus and hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structure of the brain receives and processes all afferent impulses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structure of the brain is involved with emotion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major functions of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
1. Subconscious control of coordinating muscle contractions
2. Receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contractions
3. Propriocepters and visual signals monitor the body's condition
4. Calculates the best way to perform a movement
5. A "blueprint" of coordinated movement is sent to the cerebral motor cortex.
6. Plays a role in language and problem solving.
7. Recognizes and predicts sequences of events |
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Term
| What are some functions of the brain stem? |
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Definition
1. Controls autonomic behaviors necessary for survival
2. Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
3. Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves |
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Term
| What does the reticular formation do? |
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Definition
| It controls cortical alertness and direct attention |
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Term
| What are the three principles of memory? |
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Definition
1. Storage - occurs in stages; continually changes
2. Processing - accomplished by the hippocampus and surrounding structures
3. Memory traces - chemical or structural changes that encode memory |
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Term
| What are the two stages of memory? |
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Definition
1. Short-term
2. Long-term |
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Term
| Compare and contrast short-term and long-term memory. |
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Definition
Short-term - a fleeting memory of the events that continually happen; lasts seconds to hours; limited to 7 or 8 pieces
Long-term - limitless capacity; long-term potentiation |
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Term
| What factors are involved with the transfer of |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors are involved |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors are involved with the transfer of memory from one stage to another? |
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Definition
1. Emotional state - learn best when alert; motivated
2. Rehearsal - repeating/rehearsing material
3. Association - new info with old memories in long-term memory enhances ability to memorize material
4. Automatic memory - subconscious info stored in long-term memory |
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Term
| Name the two categories of long-term memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the differences between fact memory and skill memory. |
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Definition
Fact (declarative) memory entails learning explicit information; is related to our conscious thoughts and verbal memories; is stored with the context in which it was learned.
Skill (procedural) memory is less conscious than fact memory; involves motor activity; acquired through practice; do not retain the context in which learned |
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Term
| What is the physical arrangement of gray and white matter |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the physical arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Inner gray matter surrounded by outer white matter |
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Term
| How many pairs of spinal nerves do people have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which root of each spinal nerves carry the afferent pathway? |
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Definition
| The posterior (dorsal) root carries sensory information (afferent) signals through interneurons |
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Term
| Which root of each spinal nerves carry the efferent pathway? |
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Definition
| The anterior (ventral) root carries somatic motor (efferent) signals through interneurons |
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Term
| In which direction do ascending nerve fibers of the spinal cord travel? |
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Definition
| Ascending fibers send signals from the cord up through the regions of the brain. |
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Term
| In which direction do descending nerve fibers of the spinal cord travel? |
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Definition
| Descending fibers send signals away from higher brain centers down through the cord. |
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Term
| What are the five components of a reflect arc? |
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Definition
0. THERE MUST BE A STIMULUS!!!
1. Receptor - site of stimulus
2. Afferent pathway - transmits impulse to CNS
3. Control (integration) center - within gray matter (decision making)
4. Efferent pathway - conducts impulses from the integration center to an effector
5. Effector - muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse |
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