Term
| What are the two types of synapses? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Operate by allowing electric signals to be transmitted from one neuron to another through gap junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| Operate through the release of a neurotransmitter that activate signal mechanisms in the target cell |
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Term
| What is the most common type of synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
Located on the axon terminal
Store neurotransmitter molecules |
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Term
| What is the process by which two neurons communicate via a chemical synapse? |
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Definition
1. Action potential causes calcium channels to open.
2. Calcium flows down its electrochemical gradient into the axon terminal
3. Calcium causes membranes of synaptic vesicles to fuse with vesicle attachment sites on the inner surface of the axon terminal and undergo exocytosis which releases the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
4. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor cites.
5. A response is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| The time it takes for calcium to trigger exocytosis |
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Term
Channel-linked receptor
(Ionotropic receptor) |
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Definition
| Ligand-gated channels that induce a fast response in the postsynaptic neuron when neurotransmitters bind to them. |
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Term
| Postsynaptic Potential (PSP) |
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Definition
| A change in membrane potential as a response to a neurotransmitter binding to a site on a postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| G Protein-regulated ion channels that induce a slow response when neurotransmitters bind to them |
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Term
| Excitatory Postsynpatic Potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
A depolarization of the postsynpatic neuron through an excitatory synapse
Graded Potential |
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Term
| Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
A hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron through an inhibitory synapse
Graded Potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Summation process in which the axon hillock adds up all the graded potentials and determines whether or not to release and action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect in which the increase in strength of suprathreshold stimuli cause the frequency of action potentials to increase |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulate communication across another synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| The release of a neurotransmitter is enhanced |
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Term
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Definition
| The release of a neurotransmitter is decreased |
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Term
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Definition
Most common neurotransmitter in the nervous system
Released from neurons in both the CNS and the PNS
Found in efferent neurons of both somatic and autonomic branches |
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Term
| Choline Acetyl Transferase |
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Definition
| Enzyme that synthesizes acetylcholine from acetyl CoA and choline |
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Term
| What are the four major classes of neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
Acetlcholine
Biogenic Amines
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
Neuropeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that degrades acetylcholine into acetate and choline |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptors for acetylcholine |
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Term
| What are the two types of cholinergic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors |
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Definition
Ionotropic receptors that have two binding sites for acetylcholine
Located in the PNS (autonomic neurons and skeletal muscle cells) |
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Term
| Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors |
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Definition
Metabotropic receptors that operate through the action of a G protein
Located in CNS
Also can be found on some effector organs for the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of neurotransmitter derived from amino acid |
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Term
| What are the three subclasses of biogenic amines? |
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Definition
Catecholamines
Serotonin
Histamine |
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Term
| What are the three sub-subclasses of catecholamines? |
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Definition
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine |
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Term
| Dopamine and Norepinephrine are released where? |
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Definition
By neurons in the CNS
(Norepinephrine can also be found in the PNS) |
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Term
| Epinephrine is released where? |
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Definition
| By neurons in the CNS but more commonly in the adrenal medulla |
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Term
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Definition
Receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2, Beta 3 |
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Term
| Epinephrine has the highest affinity for which receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Norepinephrine has the highest affinity for which receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two enzymes degrade catecholamines? |
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Definition
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) |
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Term
| What are two functions of seratonin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four subclasses of amino acid neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
Asparate
Glutamte
Glycine
GABA |
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Term
| Which two subclasses of amino acid neurotransmitters are released at excitatory synapses? |
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Definition
Aspartate
Glutamate (Most common) |
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Term
| Which two subclasses of amino acid neurotransmitters are released at inhibitory synapses? |
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Definition
Glycine
GABA (Most common) |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuropeptide that regulates release of another hormone called vasopressin which regulates urine output by the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuropeptide that regulates contractions of the uterus and flow of milk from the breasts |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuropeptide that decreases gastrointestinal motility |
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