Term
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Definition
| a segment of a DNA molecule that contains the information required for the synthesis of a functional biological product, whether protein or RNA |
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Definition
| component of ribosomes (the complexes that carry out the synthesis of proteins) |
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Definition
| intermediaries carrying genetic information from one or a few genes to a ribosome where the corresponding proteins can be synthesized |
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Definition
| adaptor molecules that faithfully translate the information in mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
have 3 characteristic components:
1. a nitrogenous base
2. a pentose
3. one or more phosphates |
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Term
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Definition
| a nucleotide without a phosphate group |
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Term
| What is the relationship between pyrimidine & purine? |
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Definition
| the nitrogenous bases of nucleotides are derivatives of two parent compounds, PYRIMIDINE & PURINE |
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Term
| What is the relationship between adenine & guanine? |
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Definition
| both DNA & RNA contain two major purine bases, ADENINE & GUANINE, & two major pyrimidines |
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Term
| What is the relationship between cytosine, thymine, & uracil? |
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Definition
| in both DNA & RNA one of the pyrimidines is CYTOSINE, but the second common pyrimidine is not the same in both: it is THYMINE in DNA & URACIL in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| there are four major ones with different structures & names; the structural units of DNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| the structural units of RNAs |
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Term
| What is the relationship between ribonucleoside 2',3'-cyclic monophosphates & ribonucleoside 3'-monophosphates? |
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Definition
| RIBONUCLEOSIDE 2',3'-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATES are isolatable intermediates, & RIBONUCLEOSIDE 3'-MONOPHOSPHATES are end product of the hydrolysis of RNA by certain ribonucleases |
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Term
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Definition
| the linkage created when the successive nucleotides of both DNA & RNA are covalently linked through phosphate-group "bridges" in which the 5'-phosphate group of one nucleotide is joined to the 3'-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide |
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Term
| What is the relationship between the 5' end & the 3' end? |
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Definition
| by definition, the 5' END lacks a nucleotide at the 5' position & the 3' END lacks a nucleotide at the 3' position |
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Definition
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Definition
| there are two types; they predominate in double-stranded DNA & RNA & have pattern caused by tautomers |
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Term
| 4 conclusions made by Chargaff after collecting data from DNAs of a great many different species |
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Definition
1. the base composition of DNA generally varies from one species to another
2. DNA specimens isolated from different tissues of the same species have the same bas composition
3. the base composition of DNA in a given species does not change with an organism's age, nutritional state, or changing environment
4. in all cellular DNAs, regardless of the species, the number of adenine residue is equal to the number of thymidine residues & the number of guanosine residues is equal to the number of cytosine residues |
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Term
| What is the relationship between major groove & minor groove? |
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Definition
| the offset pairing of the two strands creates a MAJOR GROOVE & a MINOR GROOVE on the surface of the duplex |
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Term
| What is the relationship between parallel & antiparallel? |
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Definition
| when Watson & Crick constructed their model, they had to decide at the outset whether the strands of DNA should be PARALLEL or ANTIPARALLEL - whether their 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds should run in the same or opposite directions |
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Term
| 2 steps determined by Watson & Crick (before confirmatory data became available) concerning DNA replication |
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Definition
1. separating the two strands
2. synthesizing a complementary strand for each |
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Definition
| another name for the Watson-Crick structure; AKA B-DNA |
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Definition
| a rather common type of DNA sequence |
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Definition
| DNA with these are called "palindrome"; base sequences have twofold symmetry over two strands of DNA |
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Definition
| can be formed by DNA sequences with inverted repeats because they are self-complementary within each strand; a type of DNA structure |
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Definition
| the name given to the sequence when the inverted repeat occurs within each individual strand of the DNA |
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Definition
| formed due to Hoogsteen pairing |
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Definition
| AKA the guanosine tetraplex; quite stable over a wide range of conditions |
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Definition
| the process of forming mRNA on a DNA template |
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Term
| What is the relationship between monocistronic & polycistronic? |
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Definition
| if it carries the code for only one peptide, the mRNA is MONOCISTRONIC; if it codes for two or more different polypeptides, the mRNA is POLYCISTRONIC |
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Definition
| the spontaneous rewinding of the unwound segments of the two strands when the temperature or pH is returned to the range in which most organisms live; yields an intact duplex |
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Definition
| yielded when some strands of the mouse DNA associates with human DNA; segments of a mouse DNA strand forms base-paired regions with segments of a human DNA strand |
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Definition
| alterations in DNA structure that produce permanent changes in the genetic information; much evidence suggests an intimate link between the accumulation of mutations in an individual organism & the process of aging & carcinogenesis |
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Definition
| the efficient methods (AKA next-generation) used by modern genomic sequencing |
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Definition
| a protein domain; found in many enzymes that bind ATP & nucleotide cofactors |
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Definition
| often produced due to interaction of extracellular chemical signals with receptors on the cell surface; created inside the cell to lead to adaptive changes in the cell interior |
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Term
| adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) (cAMP) |
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Definition
| one of the mot common second messengers; formed from ATP in a reaction catalyzed by adenylyl cyclase (an enzyme associated with the inner face of the plasma membrane) |
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