Term
| The study of livign organisms with regard to their orgin, growth, structure, behavior, and reproduction. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The study of the functioning of an organism in the presence of disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| The basic self-sustaining unit of the human body. |
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Definition
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Term
| As cells grow and mature, they become specialized through the process of? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does a group of cells make up? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do various type of tissues make up? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do groups of organs make up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main components of nearly all cells of higher organisms, except mature red blood cells and platlets? |
|
Definition
| Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus 335 |
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Term
| Consists of fat and protein. It surrounds the cell and protects the nucleus and the organelles. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The cell's internal components. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Contains ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein. Interact with RNA from other parts of the cell, joinging amino acid chains together to form proteins. When they attach to endoplasmic reticulum, they create rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for controlling cellular activities. |
|
Definition
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 335 |
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|
Term
| A network of tubules, vesicles, and sacs. |
|
Definition
| Endoplasmic Reticulum 335 |
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|
Term
| Which organelle is involved in building protein? |
|
Definition
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 335 |
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|
Term
| Which organelle is involved in build lipids (fats), such as those found in the cell membrance? |
|
Definition
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 335 |
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|
Term
| Located near the nucleus, it is involved in the synthesis and packaging of varius carbohydrates (sugars) and complex molecules, such as enzymes. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes function as an intracellular digestive system, breaking down organic debris, such as bacteria, that has been taking into the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organelle is found in high concentration in the liver and neutralizes toxins such as alcohol? |
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Definition
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Term
| Small organelles that may be rodlike or spherical in shape. They function as the metobolic center of the cell, and produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the major energy source for the cell. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A cellular organelle that contains 2 different types of genetic information. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Contained in the chromosomes, which are long and thin in the nondividing cell and cannot be identified as distinct structures. Istead, they appear as a network of granules called nuclear chromatin. |
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Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 336 |
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|
Term
| Contained in spherical intranuclear structures called nucleoli. |
|
Definition
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 336 |
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|
Term
| What membrane surrounds the nucleus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleus embedded in? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve. |
|
Definition
| The 4 basic types of tissue 336 |
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Term
| Covers the external surfaces of the body and lines the hollow organs within the body, such as the intestines, blood vessels, and bronchial tubes. |
|
Definition
| Epithelial tissue or Epithelium 336 |
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|
Term
| In addition to providing a protective barrier, it is necessary for the absorption of nutrients in the intestines and the secretion of various body substances. |
|
Definition
| Epithelial tissue or Epithelium 336 |
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|
Term
| What cells line the blood vessels, help regulate the flow of blood through the vessel, and have a role in blood clotting (coagulation)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Binds the other types of tissue to one another. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Seperated by a nonliving extracellular matrix consisting of protein fibers, nonfibrous protein, and fluid. |
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Definition
| Connective Tissue Cells 337 |
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|
Term
| What type of tissue is blood considered? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A special type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of lipids (fats). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main protein within the extracellular matrix of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are subtypes of connective tissue? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of collagen exist? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which types of collagen are the most abundant? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterized by its ability to contract and is enclosed by fascia. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An envelope of fibrous connective tissue that encapsulates individual muscles. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Overlies the framework of the skeleton and are classified in terms of their structure and function. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Muscle tissue in which microscopic bands or striations can be seen. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Muscle tissue in which bands cannot be seen. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Functionally, What are the 2 types of muscles? |
|
Definition
| Voluntary and Involuntary 337 |
|
|
Term
| Structurally, what are the 2 types of muscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which voluntary muscle is used the most in day-to-day activites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure and function of skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Has contractile ability, ability to generate electrical impulses, and is the muscle with the heart consist of. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure and function of cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle that lines most glands, digestive organs, lower airways, and vessels. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterized by its ability to transmit nerve impulses. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure and function of smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| Nonstriated involuntary 337 |
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|
Term
| Consists of the brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) 337 |
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|
Term
| Extend from the brain and spinal cord, exiting from between the vertebrae to various parts of the body. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main conducting cell of nerve tissue? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cell body is the site of most cellular function? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Receive electrical impulses from the axons of other nerve cells and conduct them toward the cell body. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Typically conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Has only one axon but may have many dendrites. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gap called that seperate nerve cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Carry the impulse from the axon to the dendrite. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What else is homeostasis called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptive responses to various stimuli allow the cells and tissues to respond and function in stressful environments, in a constant effort to preserve a degree of stability or equilibrium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process in which older cells are eliminated and replaced by newer cells. |
|
Definition
| Physiologic Cell Turnover 337 |
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|
Term
| Cells communicate electronically through a process in which they release molecules (such as hormones) that bind to protein receptors on the cell surface. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The concept that once the desired effort of a process has been achieved, further action is inhibited until it is needed again. |
|
Definition
| Negative Feedback or Feedback Inhibition 337 |
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|
Term
| Associated with the sympathetic nerves and are stimulated by epinephrine and norepinephrine. Causes a sympathetic response, such as vasoconstriction or vasodilation. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Responds to changes in pressure, usually within the heart or the main arteries. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Sense changes in the chemical composition of the blood, especially reduced oxygen levels and elevated carbon dioxide levels. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 5 primary mechanisms that help the body reduce excess temperature? |
|
Definition
| Convection, Conduction, Radiation, Evaporation, and Respiration 338 |
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|
Term
| Going how many days without water can be life threatening? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of total body fluid loss in a healthy adult would upset homeostasis and produce symptoms of illness? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What percentage of total body fluid loss in a small child would upset homeostasis and produce symptoms of illness? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Molecules that bind to receptors in the body to form more complex structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ligands called that are produced by the body? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are ligands called that are administered by drugs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Substances formed in tiny amounts by one specialized organ or group or cells and then carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism to perform regulatory functions. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone, produced by the anertior pituitary gland,stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hormones such as thyroid hormone and adrenal steroids are carried to their target organ or cell group in the blood. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hormone that reach their target via duct that opens into an organ. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of exocrine secretions? |
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Definition
| Stomach Acids and perpiration 339 |
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|
Term
| Hormone released during allegic and inflammatory reactions. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone such as histamine, diffuse through intracellular spaces to reach their target. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A hormone that acts on the cell from which it has been scereted. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that affect signals between cells of the nervous system. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A neurotransmitter which aids in the movement of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Dissolved mineral salts that dissociate in solution, yielding ions. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Atoms that have become positively or negatively charged by giving up or aquiring an electron. |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in cell size due to a loss of subcellular components, which in turn leads to a decrease in the size of the tissue and organ. The decreased size represents an attempt to cope with a new steady state in less-than-favorable conditions or a lack of use. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A casted, immobilized limb shrinks in muscle mass as a result of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in the actual number of the cells due to synthesis of more subcellular components, which in turn leads to an increase in tissue and organ size. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An alteration of the size, shape, and organization of the cell. Most often found in epithelial cells that have undergone irregular, atypical changes in response to chronic irratation or inflammation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the reversible cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the distribution of cells, molecules, and fluids throuhout the body. Changes with aging, exercise, pregnancy, medications, disease, and injury. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the total body weight is fluid or total body water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will happen to the left ventricle with chronic high resistance pressure from hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a callus represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A keratinized layer of the epidermis of the foot in response to increased friction or trauma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is strongly associated with exposure to certain human papillomaviruses in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ciliated epithelium in the airways of smokers may be replaced by metaplastic epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an average man, fluid accounts for how much total body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an average woman, fluid accounts for how much total body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body fluid is classified into 2 main types. |
|
Definition
| Intracellular and Extracellular 340 |
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|
Term
| Intracelluar fluid accounts for what percentage of body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extracelluar fluid accounts for what percentage of body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In terms of the total body water volume-compared with body weight-approximately how much of the body fluid is intracellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In terms of the total body water volume-compared with body weight-approximately how much of the body fluid is extracellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surrounds tissue cells and includes cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interstitial fluid accounts for what percentage of body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found within the blood vessels but outside the cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intravascular fluid accounts for what percentage of body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much fluid does the average adult take in per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of fluid intake occurs by drinking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of fluid intake comes from waters in foods, such as fruit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of fluid intake is a by-product of cellular metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much water is lost in the form of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much water is lost through the lungs (via respiration) and the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much water is lost in the form of feces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much water is lost through sweating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is dissolved particles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement of a substance by diffusion from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The easing of the passage of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration by a transport (helper) molecule within the membrance. |
|
Definition
| Facilitated Diffusion 341 |
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|
Term
| The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of higher concentration through a selectively permeable membrance to equalize the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The movement of water and a dissolved substance from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement via transport molecules,or pumps, that require energy to move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At birth, a healthy, full-term infant has how much total body water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an infant's total body water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a child's total body water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the total body water in adulthood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the total body water in older people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does water move between intracellular and extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The movement of water or another solvent across a membrane from a region of high water concentration (or low solute concentration) to one of lower water concentration (or higher solute concentration). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Develops when 2 solutions of different concentrations are seperated by a semipermeable membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The solution with a higher solute concentration has a higher osmotic pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The solution with a lower solute concentration has a lower osmotic pressue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solutions with equal solute concentratons (such as normal saline and lactated Ringer's solution). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma makes up how much of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of water in plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the plasma protein percentage of plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plasma protein maintains osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plasma proteins are responsible for clotting? |
|
Definition
| Globulin, Fribrinogen, and Prothrombin 341 |
|
|
Term
| Water moves between plasma and interstitial fluid according to these principles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The equilibrium between the capillary and the interstitial space is controlled by four forces. |
|
Definition
| Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure, Capillary Colloidal Osmotic Pressure, Tissue Hydrostatic Pressure, and Tissue Colloidal Osmotic Pressure 341-342 |
|
|
Term
| Pushes water out of the capillary into the interstitial space. Because the pressure is higher on the arterial end than the venous end, more water is pushed out of the capillary on the arterial end and more water is reabsorbed on the venous end. |
|
Definition
| Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure 342 |
|
|
Term
| Generated by dissolved proteins in the plasma that are too large to penetrate the capillary membrane. |
|
Definition
| Capillary Colloidal Osmotic Pressure 342 |
|
|
Term
| Opposes the passage of fluids from the capillary into the interstitial. |
|
Definition
| Tissue Hydorstatic Pressure 342 |
|
|
Term
| Draws fluid into te interstitial space. |
|
Definition
| Tissue Colloidal Osmotic Pressure 342 |
|
|
Term
| Occurs when excess fluid builds up in the interstitial space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a person is unable to get out of bed for an extended period, what type of edema might occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May be caused by long-standing lymphatic obstruction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Inreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
-Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure in the capillaries
-Lymphatic vessel obstruction attributable to infection or to disease of the lymphatic structures or their removal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Arteriolar dilation (allergic reaction)
-Venous obstruction (hepatic obstruction, heart failure, or thrombophlebitis)
-Increased vascular volume, heart failure patients
-Increased level of adrenocortical hormones
-Prementstrual sodium retention
-Pregnancy
-Environmental heat stress
-Effects of gravity from prolonged standing. |
|
Definition
| Causes of Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure 342 |
|
|
Term
-Decreased production of plasma proteins, occurs with liver disease or severe protein deficiency.
-Increased loss of plasma proteins attributable to protein-losing kidney disease, extensive burns, or other causes |
|
Definition
| Causes of Decreased Colloidal Osmotic Pressure in the Capillaries 342 |
|
|
Term
| Diuretics, nitrates, continuous positive airway pressure, high-flow oxygen, and advanced airway placement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A complex feedback mechanism responsible for the regulation of sodium in the body by the kidneys. |
|
Definition
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) 342 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 most important factors in maintaining water balance in the body? |
|
Definition
| Thirst Mechanism and Release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)(Vasopressin) 342 |
|
|
Term
| The body's state of hydration is monitored continuously by 3 types of receptors. |
|
Definition
| Osmoreceptors, Volume-sensitive Receptors, and Baroreceptors 342 |
|
|
Term
| Monitor extracellular fluid osmolarity. Sensors for these receptors are located primarily in the hypothalamus. When the extracellular fluid osmolarity is too high, they stimulate the production of ADH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located in the atria. When the intravascular fluid volume increases, the atria are stretched, leading to the release of atrial natriuretic proteins. |
|
Definition
| Volume-sensitive Receptors 342 |
|
|
Term
| Found primarily in the carotid artery, aorta, and kidneys. They are sensitive to change in blood pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed as osmoles of solute per liter of solution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the kidneys to resorb water, decreasing the osmolarity of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cation in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An average adult has how much sodium for each kilogram of body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the body's sodium is found here? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transported out of the cell by the sodium-potassium pump because a resting cell membrane is relatively impermeable to sodium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium also has an important role in the regulation of the body's acid-base balance. |
|
Definition
| Sodium Bicarbonate Buffer System 342 |
|
|
Term
| How much sodium at a minimum does the body need? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much sodium does the average adult ingest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What the recommended sodium intake per the american heart association? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sodium level primarily regulated by? |
|
Definition
| RAAS and Natriuretic Peptides 343 |
|
|
Term
| A type of protein that causes excretion of sodium, amoung other effects, which ultimately helps regulate blood pressure and volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A complex feedback mechanism responsible for the kidney's regulation of the sodium level in the body. |
|
Definition
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) 343 |
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is excess amount of sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the body's sodium level is low? |
|
Definition
| Kidneys Resorb Sodium 343 |
|
|
Term
| A protein that is released by the kidneys into the bloodstream in response to changes in blood pressure, blood flow, the amount of sodium in the tubular fluid, and the glomerular filtration rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does renin convert the plasma protein angiotensinogen into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the lungs, what does angiotensin I rapidly convert to by angiotensin-converting enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates sodium resorption by the renal tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin II is also responsible for stimulating the secretion of the adrenal hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium into the blood and enhance the elimnation of potassium in the urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulated by an increased extracellular potassium level, a decreased extracellular sodium level, and release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An important anion that makes table salt when combined with sodium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It assists in regulating the acid-base balance, especially the pH of the stomach, and is involved in the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the tension exerted on a cell as a result of water movement across the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water. |
|
Definition
| Isotonic Fluid Deficit 344 |
|
|
Term
| A proportionate increase in sodium and water in the extracellular fluid compartment; common causes include kidney, heart, and liver failure. |
|
Definition
| Isotonic Fluid Excess 344 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinically defined as a serum sodium level more than 145 mEq/L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hypertonic fluid deficit is caused by excess body water loss without a proportionate sodium loss (a relative water loss exists). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hypotonic fluid deficit is caused by excessive sodium loss with less water loss (a relative water excess exists). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterized by a serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major intracellular cation, is critical to many functions of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defined as a decreased serum potassium level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May occur with a very low level of potassium (<2.5 mLq/L). |
|
Definition
| Flaccid Paralysis, Hyporeflexia, and Tetany 344 |
|
|
Term
| Shows decreased amplitude and broadening of T waves, prominent U waves, premature ventricular contraction and other dysrhythmias (such as torsades de pointes), and depressed ST segements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elevated serum potassium level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Include peaked T waves, widening of the QRS complex, and dysrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shift potassium into the cells during a 15-to 30-minute period. |
|
Definition
| Bicarbonate, Insulin, and Albuterol 344 |
|
|
Term
| Can be life threatening because of its cardiac manifestatons; therefore, it should be treated in the prehospital setting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Administered intravenously immediately antagonizes cardiac conduction abnormalities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the majority (98%) of the body's calcium found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largely obtained through exposure to sunlight, stored in the bone, and ultimately excreted by the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal serum calcium level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased serum calcium level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased serum calcium level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primarily an intracellular anion and is essential to many body functions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterized by a decrease in the level of serum phosphate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breakdown of muscle fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased serum phosphate level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The second most abundant intracellular cation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the body's magnesium is stored in the bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the body's magnesium is stored in the body cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the body's magnesium is stored in the extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range of serum magnesium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased serum magnesium level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased serum magnesium level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is almost always the result of kidney insufficiency and the inability to excrete the amount of magnesium taken in from food or drugs, especially antacids and laxatives. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any molecule that can give up a hydrogen ion (H+). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any molecule that can accept a hydrogen ion (OH-) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Measurement of the level of its acidity or alkalinity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can disrupt the acid-base balance. |
|
Definition
| Hypo/Hyperventilation and hypoxia 347 |
|
|
Term
| Cellular function deteriorates and death occurs when the pH is what? |
|
Definition
| Below 6.9 and Above 7.40 347 |
|
|
Term
| An increase in extracellular H+ ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in extracellular H+ ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules or compounds that modulate changes in pH by neutralizing excessive acids or bases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of losing a hydrogen atom in the presence of water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do buffer systems include? |
|
Definition
| Proteins, phosphate ions, and Bicarbonate (Hco3-) 348 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 primary buffer systems that help the body maintain pH within the optimal range? |
|
Definition
| Circulating bicarbonate (Hco3-) buffer component, Respiratory System, and Renal System 348 |
|
|
Term
| What is the body's fastest means of restoring acid-base balance? |
|
Definition
-So-Called Blood Buffer
-Bicarbonate Content of Extra + Intracellular Fluid 348 |
|
|
Term
| What is the body's most important buffer system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is most carbon dioxide stored as in the intracellular and extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the bicarbonate buffer system, excess acid (H+) combines with bicarbonate to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does carbonic acid dissociate into? |
|
Definition
| Carbon Dioxide and Water 348 |
|
|
Term
| Aside from the circulating bicarbonate buffer component, what is the fastest way the body can eliminate excess H+ ions? |
|
Definition
| Create Water and Carbon Dioxide 348 |
|
|
Term
| Created when carbon dioxide combines with circulating water in the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptors in the brain sense the rising level of carbonic acid and signal the respiratory center to increase respiratory rate in order to reduce the amount of circulating carbon dioxide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What develops any time a patient is in resiratory distress or is unable to breathe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can develop as a result of abnormal respiratory function, including bradynea, tachynea, labored breathing, or shallow breathing (reduced tidal volume) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can develop if the respiratory rate is too high or the volume too large. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What filters each molecule, ion, electrolyte in the circulatory system: they maintain homeostasis by retaining certain products and filterng out others? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long can it take for the renal buffer system to restore the body's normal pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What could happen if a patient's urine output drops? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if urine output becomes excessive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Always related to hypoventilation. Attributable to inadequate breathing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Airway obstruction, cardiac arrest, overdose of a CNS depressant such as heroin, Near-drowning (submersion), respiratory arrest, pulmonary edmema, closed head injury, chest trauma, and carbon monoxide poisoning. |
|
Definition
| Respiratory Acidosis Causes 349 |
|
|
Term
| Systemic or cerebral vasodilation (or both), headaches, red, flushed skin, CNS depression, bradynea, nausea and vomiting, hypercalcemia. |
|
Definition
| Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis 350 |
|
|
Term
| Creates respiratory acidosis over time, as gradual destruction of lung tissue inhibits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
|
Definition
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 350 |
|
|
Term
| Always caused by hyperventilation. |
|
Definition
| Respiratory Alkalosis 350 |
|
|
Term
| Hyperventilation accompanied by carpopedal spasm is the classic sign of what? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory Alkalosis 350 |
|
|
Term
| Drug overdose, especially aspirin, fever, and overzealous bvm. |
|
Definition
| Causes of Hyperventilation and Respiratory Alkalosis 350 |
|
|
Term
| Diminished LOC, Light-headedness, caropedal spasm, tingling lips and face, chest tightness, confusion, vertigo, blurred vision, hypocalcemia, nausea and vomiting. |
|
Definition
| Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis 350 |
|
|
Term
| Any acidosis that is not related to the respiratory system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are deep, closely spaced, and sighing breaths? |
|
Definition
| Kussmaul Respirations 351 |
|
|
Term
| Lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, aspirin overdose (acetylsalicylic acid), alcohol ingestion, and gastrointestinal losses. |
|
Definition
| Metabolic Acidosis Causes 351 |
|
|
Term
| Caused by anaerobic cellular respiration due to hypoperfusion of tissues and organs, as seen in shock and cardiac arrest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Develops when cells are forced to switch to begin metabolizing fatty acids for energy because they are unable to use glucose due to insulin deficiency or desensitization of the cells to insulin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are byproducts of fat metabolism and are compounds that are extremely acidic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What constitutes an aspirin overdose in an adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The metabolic acidotic state that manifests because of the inadequate nutritional habits associated with chronic alcohol abuse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasodilation, headaches, hot, flushed skin, CNS depression, tachynea, nausea and vomiting, hypercalcemia, and cardiac dysrhythmia. |
|
Definition
| Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis 351 |
|
|
Term
| Occurs when there is an excessive loss of acid from increased urine output or from decreased acid level in the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is rarely seen as an acute condition, but is common among chronically ill patients, especially patients undergoing nasogastric suctioning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sustained muscle contractions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Confusion, muscle tremors and cramps, bradypnea, and hypotension |
|
Definition
| Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis 352 |
|
|
Term
| Involves a low pH, an elevated pco2 level, and a low Hco3- level. Occurs when both respiratory and metabolic acidosis are present at the same time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe trauma, cardiogenic shock, or a drug overdose are common situation where this may occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Involves an elevated pH, a low pco2 level, and an elevated Hco3- level. May occur when 2 seemingly unrelated medical issues manifest at the same time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lack of blood supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that are hypoxic for more the a few seconds produce _______ (substances) that may damage other local or distant body locations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are molecules that are missing one electron in their outer shell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The earliest and most dangerous mediators produced by cells in response to hypoxia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What induces cell hypoxia by blocking oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria and preventing the metabolism of oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blocks an enzyme acetylcholinesterase, thereby preventing proper transmission of nerve impulses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What binds to hemoglobin, preventing adequate oxygenation of the tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs as a result of an invasion of bacteria, fungi, or viruses. |
|
Definition
| Infectious Injury to Cells 354 |
|
|
Term
| What may cause injury by direct action on cells or by production of toxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What often initiate an inflammatory response that leads to cell damage and patient symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What measures the disease-causing ability of a microorganism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are white blood cells that engulf and consume foreign material such as microorganisms and cellular debris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many bacteria have a ______ that protects them from ingestion and destruction by phagocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria lacks a capsule, yet stubbornly resist destruction and can be transported by phagocytes throghout the entire body? |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 354 |
|
|
Term
| What are bacteria that resist decolorization and retain the purple stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria that have been decolorized and accept the red counterstain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a dried, fixed suspension of bacteria, prepare on microscopic slide, is stained first with a purple dye and then iodine solutin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria are distinguished by thick cell walls composed of many layers of peptidoglycan (amino acid and suar)? |
|
Definition
| Gram-Positive Bacteria 354 |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria's cell walls consist largely of lipids? |
|
Definition
| Gram-Negative Bacteria 354 |
|
|
Term
| Which bateria can cause the bubonic plague? |
|
Definition
| Gram-Negative Bacteria 354 |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococci, streptococci,and Clostridium tetani secrete __________ into the medium surrounding the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are produced within the cell and released into surroundng tissues or fluid (blood or lymph). They are poisonous and their actions vary depending on the organism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which toxin damages nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which toxin affect the tissues of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which toxin damages a variety of host tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which toxin is sometime used for vaccines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipopolysaccharides that are part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may develop if there are large amounts of endotoxins in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which toxin remains active even after the bacteria is destroyed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White blood cells release endogenous ________, which then cause a fever to develop. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's most common reaction to the presence of bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the presence of bacteria in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A systemic disease, which may be life threatening, caused by the proliferation of microorganisms (or their toxins) in the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amoung the most common causes of afflictions and they are intracellular parasites that take over the metabolic processes of the host cell and use the cell to help them replicate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protective coat that surrounds the viral core and protects the virus from phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the additional protective coat on a virus called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A protective response that can occur even without bacterial invasion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterized by an invasion of microorganisms that causes cell or tissue injury, which leads to inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A reaction by tissues of the body to irritation or injury, characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and heat. |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory Response 355 |
|
|
Term
| Occurs because the extravasation (leakage)of plasma from the dilated and more permeable vessels cause the volume of fluid in the inflammed tissue to increase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the increase in number of leukocytes in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver produces several proteins that are released into the bloodstream in response to injury or inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best known acute phase protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Often measured to monitor the activity of disease characterized by tissue inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What replaces large areas of tissue destruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protects the body by providing defenses to attack and remove foreign organism such as bacteria and viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal cell death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apoptosis can be activated prematurely by pathologic factors such as ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dying cells form lumps of chromatin known as __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is uncontrolled synovial tissue proliferation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of the morphologic changes that occur following cell death in living tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to areas of necrosis where the gross and microscopic tissue and some of the cells are recognizable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes caseation necrosis, dry gangrene, fat necrosis, and liquefaction necrosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Manifested by the loss of all features of the tissues and cells, so that they resemble chees when viewed through a microscope. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results from invasion and putrefaction of necrotic tissue, after the blood supply is compromised and the tissue undergoes coagulation necrosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results from the destruction of fat cells, usually by enzymes (such as pancreatic protease and lipases). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results from coagulation necrosis followed by conversion of tissue into a liquid form and invasion by putrefying bacteria that grow rapidly in a warm moist environment. |
|
Definition
| Liquefaction Necrosis 357 |
|
|
Term
| What is a disease which the colon does not form properly, resulting in partial blockage? |
|
Definition
| Malrotation of the Colon 357 |
|
|
Term
| What is a condition in which the aortic valve becomes very tight and narrowed, resulting in chest pain from decreased perfusion of the coronary arteries or CHF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exposure to an agent that triggers an abnormal immune response against myelin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who are more prevalent to Lung cancer, gout, and Parkinson? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who are more likely to have Osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and breast cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are most sex-linked disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors that can directly cause a disease to develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors that are associated with the risk for a disease but not a direct cause? |
|
Definition
| Noncausal Risk Factors 357 |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a causal risk factor? |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 357 |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a noncausal risk factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of new cases of a disease in a population. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the number of cases of a disease or condition in a particular population within a particular period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the presence of disease or to the incidence or prevalence of a disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of deaths from a disease in a given population, expressedas a proportion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passed through generations by inheritance of a gene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diseases that seem to cluster in family groups despite lack of evidence for heritable gene-associated abnormalities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes (any chromosome other than sex chromosomes). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes the accumulation of too much iron in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person needs to inherit only one copy of a particular form of a gene to show that trait; it does not matter which form of gene is inherited from the other parent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Place people at extremely high risk for the development of colon cancer, has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. |
|
Definition
| Familial Adenomtous Polyposis 359 |
|
|
Term
| Diseases that are caused by hyperactivity or hypoactivity of the immune system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of disease are Allergies, asthma, and rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is aquired following initial exposure to a stimulant, known as an allergen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any substance that causes a hypersensitivity reaction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a person called who is said to have an allergic tendency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a chronic inflammatory condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percet of asthma attacks are caused by viral infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allergies account for what percentage of asthma attacks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of asthma attacks occur because of stress and emotion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammatory disease that occurs primarly in children. Results from a delayed reaction to an untreated streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract (strep throat). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What includes a large number of malignant growths (neoplasms)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the extent of spread of cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cancer is the leading cause of death due to cancer in the United States? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many new cases of breast cancer occur each year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many deaths does breast cancer account for each year in the United States? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Women whose first-degree relative had breast cancer are how much more likely to have the disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately ____ of patients with breast cancer have a pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 3rd most common type of cancer in men and women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many deaths does colorectal cancer account for each year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many new cases of colorectal cancer occur each year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most significant endocrine diseases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This chronic disorder of metabolism is associated with partial insulin secretion or toatl lack of insulin secretion by the pancreas, which in turn affects te body's ability to use glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin-dependent because the patient needs exogenous insulin to survive. |
|
Definition
| Ketoacidosis-prone (Type 1) Diabetes 360 |
|
|
Term
| Non-insulin-dependent, even though many people require exogenous insulin injections. |
|
Definition
| Non-Ketoacidosis-Prone (Type 2) Diabetes 360-361 |
|
|
Term
| What is characterized by increased destruction of the red blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an inherited disorder characterized by excessive bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which blood clotting factor is usually missing in hemophilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An inherited (autosomal recessive) disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is regularly drawing blood called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cardiac conduction system abnormality characterized by prolongation of the QT interval on the ECG. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A general term for disease of the myocardium (heart muscle) that ultimately progress to heart failure, AMI, or death. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Referred to as floppy mitral valve and the valve leaflets ballon into the left atrium during systole. |
|
Definition
| Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) 362 |
|
|
Term
| How many men are affect by mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many women are affect by mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when a large amount of blood leaks backward through the defective mitral valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can lead to thickening or enlargement of the heart wall, caused by the extra pumping of the heart to make up for the backflow of blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused by impaired circulation to the heart. Typically, patients have occluded coronary arteries from atherosclerotic plaque buildup. |
|
Definition
| Coronary Heart Disease or Coronary Artery Disease 362 |
|
|
Term
| What are almost half of all cardiovascular deaths caused from? |
|
Definition
| Coronary Heart Disease 362 |
|
|
Term
| What is an elevation of the blood cholesterol level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and is also strongly associated with an increased risk of stoke. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal accumulation of uric acid due to a defect in metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small masses of uric acid or calcium salts that form in any part of the urinary system (kidney, ureter, or bladder). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused by defects in the function of the bowel wall that prevent adequate nutrient absorption. |
|
Definition
| Malabsorption Disorders 364 |
|
|
Term
| Caused by a defect or deficiency of the enzyme lactase, resulting in an inability to digest lactose (milk sugar). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many people does lactose deficiency affect? |
|
Definition
| 30-50 Million United State and 3/4 Worlds Population 364 |
|
|
Term
| A serious chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A serious chronic inflammatory condition affecting the colon and/or the terminal portion of the small intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are patients at an increased risk of developing with ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterized by circumscribed erosions (ulcerations) of the mucous membrane lining of the GI tract-specifically, in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, or jejunum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacterium is a major contributor to the development of peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stonelike masses in the gallbladder or its ducts caused by precipitation of substances contained in bile (cholesterol and bilirubin). |
|
Definition
| Gallstones (choleliths) 364 |
|
|
Term
| An unhealthy accumulation of body fat, and is defined as a body mass index of greater than or equal to 30 kg/m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much on average does obesity decrease a persons life span? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many adults in the United States are obese? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many children and adolescents are obese in the United States? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defined as a body mass index of greater than or equal to 40 kg/m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defined as a body mass index of 25-29.9 kg/m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Huntington Disease, Muscular Dystrophy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Alzheimer Disease? |
|
Definition
| Neuromuscular Disorders 365 |
|
|
Term
| Involuntary rapid, jerkey motions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hereditary condition (autosomal dominant) characterized by progessive chorea and mental deterioration, leading to dementia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A generic term for a group of hereditary diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of groups of skeletal muscles, leading to increased disbility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sex-linked recessive disease (only affecting males). |
|
Definition
| Duchnne Muscular Dystrophy 365 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A progressive disease in which nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord lose their protective sheathes of myelin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The disease is characterized by cortical atrophy and loss of neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 of the most important psychiatric disorders? |
|
Definition
| Schizophenia and Bipolar Disorder 366 |
|
|
Term
| Comprises a group of mental disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality (phychoses), withdrawal from social contacts, and disturbances of thought, language, perception, and emotional response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is defined as the delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes from the cells, organs, and tissues by the circulatory system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ occurs when the level of tissus perfusion decreases below normal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In response to hypoperfusion, the body releases________, which produce vasoconstriction and, consequently, increase systemic vascular resistance. |
|
Definition
| Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine) 366 |
|
|
Term
| An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the metabolic apparatus of the cell, resulting in impairment of cellular metabolism and inadequate perfusion of vital organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From a mechanistic approach, what are the 2 types of shock? |
|
Definition
| Central and Peripheral Shock 367 |
|
|
Term
| Consists of cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes hypovolemic shock and disruptive shock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when the heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheral oxygen delivery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of cardiogenic shock? |
|
Definition
| Myocardial Infarction (MI) 367 |
|
|
Term
| Occurs when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or the great vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diastolic filling of the right ventricle is impaired due to significant amounts of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, leading to a decrease in the cardiac output. |
|
Definition
| Pericardial Tamponade 367-368 |
|
|
Term
| Leads to a false lumen (aortic opening), wtth loss of normal blood flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May obstruct flow between the atrium and ventricle and decrease cardiac output. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreases cardiac output by decreasing venous return. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is obstruction of the superior or inferior vena cava? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a blood clot in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a lung collapse called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The circulating blood volume is insufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of hypovolemic shock? |
|
Definition
| Exogenous and Endogenous 368 |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of exogenous hypovolemic shock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ hypovolemic shock occurs when the fluid loss is contained in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when there is a widespread dilation of the resistance vessels (small arterioles), the capacitance vessels (small venules), or both. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The circulating blood volume pools in the expanded vascular beds, and tissue perfusion decreases. Container. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 most common types of disruptive shock? |
|
Definition
| Anaphylactic, Septic, and Neurogenic Shock 368 |
|
|
Term
| Histamine and other vasodilator proteins are released on exposure to an allergen. |
|
Definition
| Anaphylactic Shock (Anapylaxis) 368 |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for hives? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs as a result of widespread infection, usually bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if septic shock is left untreated? |
|
Definition
| Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) 369 |
|
|
Term
| Usually results from a spinal cord injury. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what type of shock is the systolic blood pressure withing the normal range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what type of shock is the systolic blood pressure less than the fifth percetile for the age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A test done on the fingernail or toenails by briefly squeezing the toenail or fingernail and evaluating the time it takes for the color to return. Color should return in less than 2 seconds. |
|
Definition
| Capillary Refill Time 369 |
|
|
Term
| A progressive condition that occurs in some critaically ill patients. It is characterized by the concurrent failure of 2 or more organs or organ systems that were initially unharmed by the acute disorder or injury that caused the patient's current illness. |
|
Definition
| Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) 369 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 organ systems used in diagnosing MODS? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory, hepatic, renal, hematologic, neurologic, and cardiovascular 369-370 |
|
|
Term
| What is the overall mortality rate for MODS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chance of survival for a perons with 2 failing organ systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mortality rate when 4 or more organ systems become dysfunctional? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major cause of death following sepsis, trauma, and burn injuries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a direct result of an insult, such as a pulmonary contusion from striking the chest on the steering wheel during a collision. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a slower, more proressive organ dysfunction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a potent vasodilator released by th kallikrein-kinin system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During a ___ to ___ day period, renal and liver failure can develop in patients with MODS, along with collapse of the gastrointestinal and immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A complex organ with a key role in excreting waste and toxins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organ suffers the most in a patient with MODS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes all structures and processes associated with the body's defense against foreign substances and disease-causing agents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the body's 3 lines of defense? |
|
Definition
| Anatomic Barriers, Immune Response, and Inflammatory Response 370 |
|
|
Term
| The body's defense reaction to any substance that is recognized foreign and is often directed towards invading microbes, such as bacteria and viruses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the immune responses one type of white blood cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A network of capillaries, vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs that help maintain the fluid environment of the body by producing lymph and conveying it through the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 anatomic components of the immune system? |
|
Definition
| Lympoid Tissue and Cell that are responsible for the Immune System 371 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 primary lymphoid tissues? |
|
Definition
| Bone Marrow and Thymus Gland 371 |
|
|
Term
| Specialized soft tissue found within bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Widespread in the bones of children and is found in some adult bones (sternum and ribs), is essential for formation of mature blood cells; it produces B lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Originate precursor cells in bone marrow, leave the bone marrow, and mature in the thymus gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ lymphoid tissue consist of the lymph nodes and the spleen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are small structures that filter lymph and store lyphocytes; they are concentrated in areas of the body such as the axillae, groin, and neck. |
|
Definition
| Lymph Nodes (Lymph Glands) 372 |
|
|
Term
| Located on the left side the body, posterior lateral to the stomach (L upper quad); monitors the blood, destroys worn-out red blood cells, and trap foreign invaders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ lymphoid tissues are scattered throughout the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A thin, watery fluid that bathes the tissues of the body; it circulates through lymph vessels and is filtered in lymph nodes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ capillaries unite to form the lymph vessels, which eventually coalesce and empty their contents into the central venous circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does most lymph empty, via the thoracic duct on the left side of the thorax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clusters of lymphoid tissure and contain immune cells that are in a position to intercept pathogens before they reach the generl population. |
|
Definition
| Mucosa-Associated Lymphod Tissue (MALT)372 |
|
|
Term
| What is the best known type of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ lymphod tissue is particularly prominent in the GI tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue that lies just under the inner lining of the esophagus and intestines. |
|
Definition
| Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 372 |
|
|
Term
| What are white blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 types of white blood cell? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basphil, Monocyte, and Lymphocyte 372 |
|
|
Term
| Contain histamine granules and other substances that are released during inflammatory and allergic response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| They account for fewer than 1% of the leukocytes but are essential to the nonspecific immune response to inflammation because they release histamine and other chemical that dilate blood vessel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Release substances that damage or kill parasitic invaders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White blood cells that account for 1-3% of the leukocytes, release chemoactive substances that can trigger severe bronchospasm. They also have a major role in mediating the allergic response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most abundant white blood cells, accounting for 55-70% of the leukocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are largely responsible for protecting the body against infection and are key components of the first response to foreign body invasion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are readily attracted to foreign antigens which they destroy by engulfing and digesting them in a process called phagocytosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process in which one cell eats or engulfs a foreign substance to destroy it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mature in the blood during the first 24 hours after they are generated and then travel to the tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function primarily as scavengers for the tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ and ____ represent one of the first lines of defense in the inflammatory process. |
|
Definition
| Monocytes and Macrophages 372 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most are found in the lymphoid tissue, but many are found in circulating lymph and blood as well. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ and their derivatives mediate the acquired immune response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resemble basophils but do not circulate in blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells found in the connective tissue, beneath the skin, in the GI mucosa, and in the mucosal membranes of the respiratory system. Functions relate to allergic reactions, immunity, and wound healing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A nonspecific cellular and humoral (antibody) response that operates as the first line of defense against pathogens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White blood cells within tissues, produced by differentiation of monocytes. Functions include phagocytosis and stimulating lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to pathogens; one of the first lines of defense in the inflammatory process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White blood cells that develop from B cells and produce large volumes of specific antibodies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that mature in the bone marrow where they differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin-secreting (antibody) cells. Function including eliminating bacteria, neutralizing bacterial toxins, preventing viral reinfection, and producing immediate inflammatory response. |
|
Definition
| B Cells (B Lymphocytes) 373 |
|
|
Term
| A type of regulator cell that activates B cells to produce antibodies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of B cell that aids quick response to subsequent exposures to an antigen because _____ cells recall the antigen as foreign. These cells rapidly produce antibodies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells produced in the bone marrow and which mature in the thymus. Two major types work to destroy antigens-regulator cells and effector cells. |
|
Definition
| T Cells (T Lymphocytes) 373 |
|
|
Term
| A type of T cell that destroys cells infected with viruses by releasing lymphokines that destroy cell walls; also called cytotoxic or effector cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immunity that occurs when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invader. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ acquired immunity is the receipt of preformed antibodies to fight or prevent infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ immune response takes place during the first exposure to an antigen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A foreign substance recognized by the immune system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an antigen associated with cancerous cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ immune response occurs with reexposure to a foreign substance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ phase of the immune response occurs when a part of the immune system recognizes an antigen. |
|
Definition
| Beginning (Induction) 374 |
|
|
Term
| Antigen that elicit an immune respose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antigns that do not elicit an immune response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ___ binds a specific antigen so that the complex can attach itself to specialized immune cells that ingest the complex to destroy it or release biologic mediators such as histamine to induce an allergic or inflammatory response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An antigen capable of generating an immune response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but that can be combined with an antigen and, at a later time, initiate a specific antibody response of its own. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-cell lymphocytes produce antibodies called immunoglobulins, which recognize a specific antigen and then react with it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ holds that each B cell makes antibodies that have only one type of antigen-binding region and, therefore, are specific for a particular antigen known as the cognate antigen. |
|
Definition
| Clonal Selection Theory 375-376 |
|
|
Term
| A substance that stimulates the B cells to produce a clone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group of genes located on a single chromosome that permits a person who is capable of generating an immune response to distinguish self from nonself (namely, what is foreign). |
|
Definition
| Major Histocopatability Complex 376 |
|
|
Term
| What is the antibody secreted by B cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main categories of antigens on antibodies? |
|
Definition
| Isotypic, Allotypic, and Idiotypic 377 |
|
|
Term
| An ____ antigenic marker occurs in all members of a subclass of an immunoglobulin class. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ____ antigenic marker is found on some members of a subclass of an immunoglobulin class, but not all of them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ____ antigenic determinant is a unique structure that is created on the light and heavy chains of an immunoglobulin molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most antibodies are found in the plasma where they make up about __ of the plasma protein in a healthy person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a fertilized ovum grows, its peripheral cells differentiate into a group of cells calle the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterized by the formation of a population of lymphocytes that can attack and destroy foreign material. |
|
Definition
| Cell-Mediated Immunity 378 |
|
|
Term
| What is the main defense against viruses, fungi, parasites, and some bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Cell-Mediated Immunity 378 |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the mechanism by which the body rejects transplanted organs and eliminates the abnormal cells that sometimes arise spontaneously in cell division. |
|
Definition
| Cell-Mediated Immunity 378 |
|
|
Term
In ___-___ ___, T-cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and contribute to the immune response in 2 major ways: (1)by secreting cytokines that attract other cell or
(2)by becoming cytotoxic and killing infected or abnormal cells. |
|
Definition
| Cell-Mediated Immunity 378 |
|
|
Term
| Also called T4 or CD4 cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Called T8 or CD8 cell, suppress the activity of other lymphocytes so they do not destroy normal tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secreted by lymphocytes, these cells work to damage cells; for example, they destroy cells that have been infected with a virus. |
|
Definition
| Lymphokine-Producing Cells 378 |
|
|
Term
| Components of the activated complement system that attrack leukocytes from the circulation to help fight infections. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules that insert themselves into the bacterial membrane, leading to weakend areas in the membrane. |
|
Definition
| Membrane Attack Complex 378 |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies directed against the self. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A response of the tissues of the body to irritation or injury. |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory Response 379 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 most common causes of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Infection (viral or bacterial) and Injury 379 |
|
|
Term
| The dilation of arterioles after transient arteriolar constriction, which allows influx of blood under increased pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common immunoglobulin and accounts for 75% of the antibodies in the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobulin found in lymph, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, CSF, and breast milk. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta, giving infants immunity during the first few months of life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accounts for 15% of the antibodies in the blood and combines with a protein in the mucosa and defends body surfaces against invading microorganisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobulin found in tears, saliva, respiratory tract secretions, and the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accounts for 5-10% of the antibodies in the blood and is the dominant antibody in ABO (blood type) incompatibilities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the initial antibody formed in most infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accounts for less than 1% of the antibodies in the blood and is associated with allergic reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When mast cell receptors combine with ___ and antigen, the mast cells degranulate and release chemical mediators such as histamine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accounts for less than 1% of the antibodies in the blood. The physiologic role is unclear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substances such as histamine and serotonin that increase vascular permeability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability to cause vasodilation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arachdonic acid metablites that function as chemical mediators of inflammation; also known as slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid. |
|
Definition
| Slow-Reacting Substances of Anaphylaxis 379 |
|
|
Term
| Derived from arachidonic acid, comprise a group of about 20 lipids that are composed of modified fatty acids attached to a five-member ring. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are found in many vertebrate tissues, where they act as messengers in reproduction, the inflammatory response to infection, and pain perception. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The plasma-derived mediators that modulate the inflammatory process are called ______. |
|
Definition
| Plasma Protein Systems 380 |
|
|
Term
| A group of plasma proteins that attrat white blood cells to sites of inflammation, activate white blood cells, and directly destroy cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serves a vital role in the formation of blood clots in the body and facilitates repairs of the vascular tree. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The protein that polymerizes (bonds) to form the fibrous components of a blood clot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots and the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leads to the formation of the vasoactive protein bradykinin from killikrein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An enzyme that is normally found in blood plasma, urine, and body tissue in an inactive state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increases vascular permeability, dilates blood vessels, contracts smooth muscle, and causes pain when injected into the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The loss of fluid from the blood vessels into the tissues, causing the blood left in the vessels to have increased viscosity, which in turn slows the flow of blood and produces statsis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mediators on inflammation trigger the appearance of selections and integrinson the surfaces of endothelial cells and PMNs, respectively. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PMNs attach to endothelial cells, as mediated by selectins and integrins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The PMNs permeate the vessel wall, passing into the interstitial space. |
|
Definition
| Transmigration (diapedesis) 381 |
|
|
Term
| The PMNs move toward the site of inflammation in response to chemotactic factors released by bacteria r formed from activated complement, chemokines, or arachidonic acid derivatives (such as leukotrienes) in response to injury. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Products of cells that affect the function of other cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What releases lymphokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Include IL-1 and IL-2, which attract white blood cells to the site of injury and bacterial invasion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A protein produced by cells when they are invaded by viruses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulate leukocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Repair of damaged tissue, removal of inflammatory debris, restoration of tissue to normal state, and regeneration of cells. |
|
Definition
| 4 Steps of Wound Healing 381 |
|
|
Term
| ___ cells divide continuously, so organs derived from these cells (Skin and Intestinal Mucosa) heal completely. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells are replaced by regeneration of remaining cells, which are stimulated to enter mitosis. These are found in kidney and liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells, such as nerve cells and cardiac myocytes, cannot be replaced; scar tissue is laid down instead. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a meshlike structure composed of fibrin and fibronectin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Healing by ____ intention occurs in clean wounds with opposed margins (clean surgical wounds or surgically debrided wounds). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Healing by ___ intention occurs in large, gaping or infected wounds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is necessary for wound healing, but inadequate nutrional intake can lead to insufficient levels, which can lead to inadequate scar formation and suppression of the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process which epithelial cells begin to form a scab that protects the wound from the outside world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process during which the size of the wound becomes smaller, as part of healing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What suppresses the initial inflammatory response required for the proper formation of scar tissue and increase te risk of wound infection by slowing the immune system response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What responses are usually caused by an unsuccessful acute inflammatory response to a foreign body, a persistent infection, or the presence of an antigen? |
|
Definition
| Chronic Inflammatory Response 383 |
|
|
Term
| What is the growth of new blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any response of the body to any substance to which a patient has increased sensitivy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an agent (allergen). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The production of antibodies or T cells that work against the tissue of one's own body, producing hypersensitivity reactions or autoimmune disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of disease is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The formation of T cells or antibodies directed against the antigens on another person's cells (as in an organ transplant). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is a child's immune system fully developed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus (bee sting, penicillin, or shellfish). |
|
Definition
| Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction 383 |
|
|
Term
| Cytotoxic (cell destructive) and classically involve the combination of IgG or IgM antibodies with antigens on the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
| TypeII: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity 384 |
|
|
Term
| Involve primarily IgG antibodies that form immune complexes with antigen to recruit phagocytic cells, such as neurophils, to a site where they can release inflammatory cytokines. |
|
Definition
| Type III: Tissue Injury Caused by Immune Complexes 384 |
|
|
Term
| A condition in which antigen-antibody complexes formed in the bloodstream deposit in sites around the body, most notably the kidneys, with resultant inflammatory reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A localized reaction involving vascular inflammation in response to an IgG-mediated allergic response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an inflammation of the blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a local hypersensitivity reaction in the lungs to molds that grow on hay? |
|
Definition
| Farmer's Lung (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis) 384 |
|
|
Term
| Primarily mediated by soluble molecules that are released by specifically activated T cells. |
|
Definition
| Type IV: Delayed (Cell-Mediated)Hypersensitivity 384 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of Type IV: Delayed (Cell-Mediated)Hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| Delayed Hypersensitivity and Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity 384 |
|
|
Term
| What autoimmune disease is caused by thyroid-stimulating or thyroid-growth immunoglobulins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of disease is Type I Diabetes Mellitus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chronic systemic disease that affects the entire body. Most common form of arthritis, characterized by inflammation of the synovium with resulting pain, stiffness, warmth, redness, and swelling. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the connective tissue membrane lining the joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An aquired autoimmune disease that is characterized by autoimmune attack on the nerve-muscle junctin. |
|
Definition
| Myasthenia Gravis 385-386 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is problems with swallowing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to a decrease in circulating neutrophils. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once the neutrophils are fully used, the die and become part of the yellowish wound drainage called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is neutropenia called in an neonate? |
|
Definition
| Isoimmune Neutropenia 386 |
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Term
| A blood disorder in which antibodies form to blood platets that cause their destruction. |
|
Definition
| Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) 386 |
|
|
Term
| What describes a decrease in blood platelets? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is a purplish areas of the skin and mucous membranes (such as the lining of the mouth) where bleeding has occured as a result of decreased number of or ineffective platelets. |
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Definition
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Term
| A chronic autoimmunce disease with many manifestations. The body's own immune system is directed against the body's own tissue. |
|
Definition
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) 386 |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| An antigen that is present in the erythrocytes (red blood cells) of about 85% of the population. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ___ blood contains erythrocytes with type A surface antigens and plasma containing type B antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins recognized by the immune system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Within the plasma are proteins that react with antigens. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ____ blood contains type B surface antigens and plasma containing type A antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ blood contains both types of antigens but the plasma contains no ABO antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ contains neither A nor B antigens but contains both A and B plasma antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Involve a complex of antigens first discovered in rhesus monkey. |
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Definition
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Term
| The presence of any of the 18 seperate Rh antigens makes a person's blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| An abnormal condition in which some part of the body's immune system is inadequate, and, consequently, resistance to infectious disease is decreased. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cellular immunity is associated with what cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Humoral immunity is associated with what cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most common forms of primary immunodeficiency? |
|
Definition
| X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia 386 |
|
|
Term
| The medical term for a wide range of strong external stimuli, physiologic and phychological, that can cause a physiological response. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Defined as a change that makes it necessary for the cells of the body to adapt. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 concepts related to physiologic stress? |
|
Definition
| Stressor Itself, Effect in the Body, and Body's Response to Stress 387 |
|
|
Term
| A term introduced by Hans Selye in the 1920s, characterizes a three-stage reaction to stressors, physical (such as injury) and emotional (such as loss of a loved one). |
|
Definition
| General Adaptation Syndrome 387 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of stress termed by Hans Selye? |
|
Definition
| (1) Alarm, (2)Resistance, and (3) Exhaustion 387-388 |
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|
Term
| The body reacts to stress by first releasing what in the stage 1 (Alarm)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In stage 2, resistance stage what 2 types of corticosteroid that increase the blood glucose level and maintain blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids 388 |
|
|
Term
| What is the most significant glucocorticoid in the body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticosteroid (mainly aldosterone) horme that control electrolyte and water levels in the body, mainly by promoting sodium retention by the kidneys. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus secretes a hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release_____. |
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 388 |
|
|
Term
| A hormone that promotes cell and tissue growth and repair. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hormone that stimulates production of breast milk, and which is also believed to play a role in the immune system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress. It is the mechanism for a set of interactions among glands, hormones and parts of the midbrain that mediate the general adaptation syndrome. |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis 389 |
|
|
Term
| What are some common ligands? |
|
Definition
| Hormones, neurotransmitters, and electrolytes 339 |
|
|
Term
| What is the adrenocorticotropic hormone produced by? |
|
Definition
| Anterior pituitary gland 339 |
|
|
Term
| What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some electrolytes commonly found in the body? |
|
Definition
| Sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride 339 |
|
|
Term
| How does water move between intracellular and extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of solution is mannitol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do neurotoxins damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do enterotxins damage? |
|
Definition
| Gastrointestinal tract 354 |
|
|
Term
| What do cytotoxins damage? |
|
Definition
| Variety of host tissues 354 |
|
|
Term
| What are sometime used as the basis for vaccines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unlike bacteria, viruses do not produce what? |
|
Definition
| Exotoxins or Endotoxins 355 |
|
|
Term
| What is the molecular mechanism underlying apoptosis the involves the activation of genes that encode for proteins? |
|
Definition
| Caspases (cysteine-aspartic proteases) 356 |
|
|
Term
| What percent chance does a parent have of passing an autosomal recessive trait? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent chance does a parent have of passing an autosomal dominant trait? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major risk factor for lung cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of cancer occuring amoung woman? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are autosomal recessive traits? |
|
Definition
| Alinism, cystc fibrosis, sickle cell, tay-sachs disease, phnylketonuria, attached earlobe, and hyperextensible thumb 359 |
|
|
Term
| What are autosomal dominant traits? |
|
Definition
| chondroplasia, marfan syndrome, widow's peak, huntington disease, brachydactyly, and freckles 359 |
|
|
Term
| What is a lack of pigment in eyes, skin, and hair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pancreatic failure and mucus build up in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is abnormal hemoglobin characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells that obstruct vital capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is improper metabolism of gangliosides in nerve cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the accumulation of phenylalanine in blood and causes mental retardation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is earlobe attached to skin of the neck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thumb that bends past 45 degree angle? |
|
Definition
| Hyperextensible thumb 359 |
|
|
Term
| What is dwarfism resulting from a defect in the epiphyseal plates that interferes with the formation of long bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a defect of connective tissue resulting in excessive growth and a high risk of aortic rupture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hairline coming to a point on forehead? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is progressive deterioration of the nervous system beginning in late 20's or early 30's and causes mental deterioration and early death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the disfiguration of hands and shortened fingers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is permanent aggregations of melanin in the sking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are early symptoms of breast cancer? |
|
Definition
| Small painless lump, thick or dempled skin, or change in the nipple 360 |
|
|
Term
| What are later symptoms of breast cancer? |
|
Definition
| Nipple discharge, pain, and swollen lymph glands in the axilla 360 |
|
|
Term
| What markedly increases a person's susceptibility to sulfa drug-induced hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase deficiency 361 |
|
|
Term
| What is the combinaion used to treat urinary tract infections? |
|
Definition
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 361 |
|
|
Term
| What is the Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can lead to diabetes, heart disease, liver disease, arthrtis, impotence, and a bronzed skin color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the excessive thickening of the heart muscle? |
|
Definition
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 362 |
|
|
Term
| What is referred to as black tarry stool? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are signs of early progression of Alzheimer disease? |
|
Definition
| Memory loss, lack of spontaneity, subtle personality change, and disorientation to time and date 365 |
|
|
Term
| What are typically the earliest signs of shock? |
|
Definition
| Restlessness and anxiety, Patient looks scared 369 |
|
|
Term
| What is recurrent large areas of subcutaneous edema of sudden onset, usually disappearing within 24 hours? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MODS activates the kallikrein-kinin system, stimulating the release of bradykinin which is a _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an inactive enzyme of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is uncontrollable bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are aspartate aminotransferase and alaninine aminotansferase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of T lymphocyte that is involved in cell mediated and antibody-mediated immune response. It secretes cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the human body distinguishes between foreign substances and its own cells and tisses? |
|
Definition
| Major Histocompatibility Complex 376 |
|
|
Term
| The goal of the cellular components of the acute inflammatory response is for inflammatorycells, namely _______, to arrive at the sites in the tissue where they are needed. |
|
Definition
| Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs) 380 |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates macrophages to help engulf and destroy foreign substances? |
|
Definition
| Macrophage-Activating Factor 381 |
|
|
Term
| What keeps white blood cells at the site of infection or injury until they can perform ther designated task? |
|
Definition
| Migration Inhibitory Factor 381 |
|
|
Term
| What is new blood vessel growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is protrution of the eyes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells in the pancreas release insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a tumor of the thymus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main symptom of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an inflammed nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is probably the most common form of immunodeficiency? |
|
Definition
| Isolated Deiciency of IgA 387 |
|
|
Term
| ___ or ____ stress has been shown to decrease white blood cells and lymphocyte function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are neurotransmitters released in times of stress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 3rd stage of stress? |
|
Definition
|
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