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Definition
| Portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis |
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| Thin, flattened structure; term used to describe the leaf-shaped structures that compose a heart valve |
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| Tubular space or channel within any organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube |
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| Backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening |
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| Circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that cocnstricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening |
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| Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limiits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes. |
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Definition
| Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls |
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Definition
| state of being sticky or gummy (a solution that has high viscosity is relatively thick and flows slowly) |
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Definition
widened blood vessel
anerysmorrhaphy: suture of an aneurysm |
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Definition
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
i.e. angioplasty (angioplasty includes any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores blood flow
Vasculitis: inflammation of blood vessels
aortostenosis: narrowing of the aorta |
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fatty plaque
atheroma: tumor of fatty plaque (artheromas are formed when fatty plaque builds up on the inner lining of arterial walls. As calcium and other minerals are absorbed by plaque, the vessel hardens. |
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Definition
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embolus (plug)
i.e. embolectomy: removal of an embolus (an embolectomy is the removal of a clot or other foreign material from a blood vessel. Most emboli are blood clots - thrombi- htat have been transported from a distant vessel by the blood. |
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blood vessel
i.e hemangioma: tumor of blood vessels. infantile hemangiomas are also called birthmarks. They are not considered malignant and usually disappear over time. |
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Definition
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vein
i.e.
phlebectasis: expansion of a vein |
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Definition
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
aiel arteriosclerosis - the most common cause of arteriosclerosis is the presence of an arteroma in te vessel. other common causes include smoking, diabetes, hig blood pressure, obesity, and family tendency. |
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Definition
septum
i.e. septostomy: a temporary procedure performed to increase systemic oxygenation in infants with congenital heart defects until corrective surgery can be performed. |
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Definition
pulse
i.e. sphygmoid: resembling a pulse |
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Definition
narrowing, stricture
ie. stenotic: pertaing to a narrowing or a stricture |
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Definition
blood clot
i.e. thrombolysis: in thrombolysis, ezymens that destroy blood clots are infused into the occluded vessel. |
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Definition
| ventricle ( of the heart or brain) |
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pulse
ie: asphyxia - without a pulse; also called suffocation. Te term asphyxia usually refers to death caused by anoxia |
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outside
ie; extravascular |
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Definition
across
i.e. transeptal: across the septum |
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Definition
| Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery |
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Term
Arrest
cardiac
circulatory |
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Definition
Condition of being stopped or bringing to a stop
loss of effective cardiac function, which results in cessation of circulation. Cardiac arrest may be due to ventricular fibrillation or asystole in which there there is no observable myocardial activity.
Cessation o fthe circulation of blood due to ventricular standsill or fibrillation |
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Definition
| Inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhytm, possibly including a rapid or slow beat or "skipping" a beat; also called dysrhythmia |
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Definition
| soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, possibly due to vibrations associated with the movement of blood, valvular action, or both; also called murmur |
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Definition
| Any disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function. causes of cardiomyopathy include viral or bacterial infections, metabolic disorders, or general systemic disease |
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Definition
| thin flexible hollow plastic tube that is small enough to be threaded through a vein, artery, or tubular structure |
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Definition
| narrowing of a vessel, esp. the aorta |
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Term
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) |
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Definition
blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, esp. those in the legs or thights.
In DVT, blood clots may break away from the vien wall and travel in the body. If they lodge in the lung, the condition is called pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism may be life threatening if a large portion of the lung is damaged. |
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Definition
| Calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with one contraction. The left ventricular EF averages 50-75% in healthy hearts but can be markedly reduced if part of the heart muscle dies, as evident after na MI or in cardiomyopathy or valvular heart disease. |
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Definition
| Failure of the heart to supply an adequate amount of blood to tissues and organs. HF is commonly caused by impaired coronary blood flow, cardiomyopathies, and heart valve disease. |
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Definition
| mass of undissolved matter (foreign object, air, gas, tissue, thrombus) circulating in blood or lymphatic channels until it becomes lodged in a vessel. |
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Definition
| Quivering or spontaneous muscle contractions, especially of the heart, causing ineffectual contrations. Fibrillation is commonly corrected with a defibrillator |
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Definition
| arrest of bleeding or circulation |
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Definition
| excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides in the blood. teh term hypercholesterolemia refers to elevation of cholesterol in the blood. It has been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. |
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Term
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Definition
common disorder characterized by elevated bp persistently exceeding 149mm Hg systolic or 90mm Hg diastolic
Primary HTN in which there is no identifiable cause; also called essential hypertension: iit is the most common form of HTN and is associated with obesity, a high serum sodium level, hypercholesterolemia, or family history.
Secondary HTN results from an underlying identifible commonly correctable cause. |
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Term
| Hypertensive heart disease |
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Definition
| Any heart disorder cuased by prolonged hypertension including left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease,cardiac arrhythmias, and HF |
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Term
| Implantable cardioverterdefibrillator (ICD) |
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Definition
| implantable battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart. In ventricular fibrillation, the heart quivers rather than beats, and blood is not pumped to the brain. Unless tx is received within 5-10 minutes, ventricular fibrillation causes death. |
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Definition
| Area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply. |
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Definition
| Local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction |
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Term
| Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) |
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Definition
| common and occasionally serious condition in which the leaflets of the heart and occasionally, panic attacks with pounding heartbeat. Because of the possibility of valve infection, prophylactic treatement with antibiotics is suggested before undergoing invasive procedrues such as dental work. |
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Definition
| chemical radioactive material used as a tracer to follow a substance through the body or a structure |
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Term
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Definition
| sensation that the heart is not beating normally, possibly including thumping, fluttering, skipped beats, or a pounding feeling in the chest. Alhtough most palpitations are harmless, those caused by arrhythmias may be serious. Medical attention should be sought if palpitations are accompanied by pain, dizziness, overall weakness, or SOOB |
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Term
| Patent ductus arteriousus |
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Definition
| Failure of the ductus arteriosis to close after birth, allowingblood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery |
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Definition
| circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluids through vessels of an organ |
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Definition
| Congenital anomaly consisting of four elements: 1 pulmonary artery stenosis, 2, interventricular septal defect, 3 transposition of the aorta so that both ventricles empty into the aorta, aand 4 right ventricular hypertrophy caused by increased workload of the right ventricle. |
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Term
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Definition
| slender or threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries. stents are used to support tubular structures that are being anastomosed or to induce or maintain patency within these tubular structures. |
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Definition
| Blood clot that obstructs a vessel |
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Definition
| passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart. CC gathers information about the heart, such as blood supply through the coronary arteries and blood flow and pressure in the chambers of the ehart as well as enabling blood sample collection and xrays of the heart |
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Term
| electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG) |
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Definition
| graphic line recordeing that shows the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs |
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Term
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Definition
| ECG taken with a small portable recording system capable of storing up to 24 hours of ECG tracings. useful in obtaining a cardia arrhythmia record that would be missed during an ECG of only a few minutes duration |
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Definition
| ECG taken under controlled exersie stress conditions. A stress test may show abnormal ECG tracings that do not appear during an ECG taken when the patient is resting. |
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Term
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Definition
| ECG that utilizes a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow. In a nuclear stress test, the radioisotope is injected at the height of exercise. The area not recieving sufficient oxygen is visualized by decrease uptake of the isotope. |
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Definition
| Blood test that measures troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine kinase. Their presence in a blood specimen is consistent with myocardial damage. |
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Definition
| series of tests (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease. |
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Term
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Definition
Radiographic imaging of the heart and blood vessels after injection of a contrast dyd.
coronary: angiography to determine the degree of obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. in coronary angiography, a cateter is inserted into the femoral artery and threaded to the aorta. the contrast dye outlines the coronary arteries and show narrowin, stenosis, or blockage.
Digital subtraction: angiography in which two radiographic images are obtained, the first one without contrast material and the second one after a contrast material has been injected, and then compared by a computer that digitally subtracts the images of soft tissues, bones, and muscles, leaving only the images of vessels with contrast. |
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Term
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Definition
| radiological examination of the aorta and its branches following injection of a contrast medium via a catheter |
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Term
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Definition
noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures and produce images of the heart. A transducer is placed on the chest to direct ultra-high frequency sound waves toward cardiac structures. Refelcted echoes are then converted to electrical impulses and displayed on a screen.
Doppler ultrasound: noninvasive adaptation of ultrasound technology in which blood flow velocity is assessed in different areas of the heart. Sound waves strike moving red blood cells and are reflected back to a recording device that graphically records blood flow through cardiac structures. |
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Term
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| noninvasive technique that uses radiowaves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of blood vesels. MRI provide info about aneurysms, cardiac structures, and cardiac output. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a type of MRI that provides hightly detailed images of the blood vessels. MRA is used to view arteries and blockages within the arteries. A radiopaque contrast dye can be injected to provide greated detail of body structures. |
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Term
| Multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) |
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Definition
| Nuclear procedrue that uses radioactive tracers to produce movie-like images of the structures of the heart, including the myocardium and the mitral and tricuspid valves. The MUGA scan show the motion of the heart wall muscle and the ventricle's ability to eject blood (ejection fraction). |
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Term
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Definition
| Imaging technique that provides a graphic display of heart sounds and murmurs during the cardiac cycle. In phonocardiogrphy, a transducer sends ultrasonic pulses through the chest wall and the echoes and converted into images on a monitor to assess overall cardiac performance. |
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Term
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Definition
Diagnostic test that uses radiation emitted by the body after an injection of radioactive substances to create images of various organs or identify body functions and diseases. Scintigraphy identifies infarcted or scarred areas of the heart that show up as cold spots (areas of reduced radioactivity), taken when the patient is at rest.
Thallum Study-scinitgraphy procedure that uses injected radioactive thallium and records the uptake of the iostope with a gamma camera to produce an image.
A stress thallium study is commonly performed at the same tiem as a resting study, and the two images are compared to further identify abnormalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein. Sclerotherapy is commonly performed to treat varicose veins and sometimes telangiectasis |
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Term
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Definition
| Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vewin, which indicates obstruction. Venography is used primarily to locate blood clots in veing of the leg. |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedure to restore normal rhythm of the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior of the chest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technique used to block blood flow to a site by passing a catheter to the area and injecting a synthetic material or medication specially designed to occlude the blood vessel. |
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Term
Angioplasty
Coronary artery bypass graft
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) |
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Definition
Procedure that alters a vessel through surgery or dilation of the vessel using a balloon catheter.
Coronary artery bypass graft: Surgical proceddure that uses a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked art of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle.
PTCA: Dilation of an occluded vessel using a ballon catether under fluoroscopic guidance. IN PTCA, the physician inserts a catheter transcutaneously, inflates the balloon thereby dilating the narrowed vessel, and commonly positions a stent to hold the vessel open
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of material from an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device. |
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Term
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Definition
Removal and examination of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes
Arterial biopsy: Removal and examination of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type of vasculitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Destruction of conduction tissue of the heart to interrupt the abnormal conduction pathway causing the arrhythmia, thus allowing normal heart rhythm to resume. Catheter ablation is usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance. |
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Term
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Definition
Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their "commissures" (points of touching)
Many candidates for commissurotomy are now treated with balloon mitral valvuloplasty |
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Definition
| Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins. In laser ablation, the laser's heat coagulates blood inside the vessel, causing it to collapse and seal. Later, the vessels dissolve within the body, becoming less visible, or dissapear altogether |
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Term
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Definition
Tying a varicose vein (ligation) followed by removal (stipping) of the affected segment.
Ligation and stripping are procedruees performed for heavily damaged or diseased veins. Usual treatment for varicose veins is laser ablation in combination with microplebectomies and sclerotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical procedrue performed on or within the exposed heart, usually iwth the assistance of a heart lung machine. During the operation, the heart-lung machine takes over circulation to allow surgery on the resting (Nonbeating) heart. After the heart has been restarted and is beating, the patient is disconnected from the heart-lung machine. Types of open heart surgery include coronary artery bypass graft, valve replacement, and heart transplant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Puncturing of the pericardium to remove excess fluid from the pericardial sac or to test for protein, sugar, and enzymes or determine the causitive organism of pericarditis. |
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Term
Thrombolysis
Intravascular |
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Definition
Destruction of a blood clot using aticlotting agents called clot-busters, such as tissue plaminogen activator. Prompt thrombolysis can restore blood flow to tissue before serious irreversible damage occurs. However, many thrombolytic agents also pose the risk of hemorrhage.
Infusion of a thrombolytic agent into a vessel to dissolve a blood clot |
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Term
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Definition
| Incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Puncture of a vein by a needle attached to a syringe or catheter to withdraw a specimen of blood; also called phlebotomy |
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Term
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors |
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Definition
| Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin 1 (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are also used to treat hypertension alone or with other agents and aid in the management of heart failure. I.E. Benazepril - Lotensin, Captopril - Capoten |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart. Antiarrhythmics are used to treat atrial and ventricular dysrhythmias. I.e. Flecainide -Tambacor |
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Term
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Definition
| Block the effect of adrenaline on beta receptors, which slow nerve pulses that pass through the heart, thereby causing a decrease heart rate and contractility. i.e. atenolol - tenormin, Metoprolol - Lopressor, Toprol-XL |
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Term
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Definition
| Block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease. Calcium channel blockers are used to treat angina pectoris, hypertension, arrhythmias, and heart failure. I.E. amlodipine - Norvasc, Diltiazem-Cardizem CD, Nifedipine - Adalat CC, Procardia |
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Term
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Definition
| Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium. Diuretics reduce fluid build-up in the body, including fluid in the lungs, a common symptom of heart failure. Diuretics are also used to treat hypertension. I.e. Furoseminde - Lasix |
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Term
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Definition
| Dialate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and decrease venous return and arterial resistance, which decreases myocardial oxygen demand and relieves angina. Nitrates can be administered in several ways: sublingually as a spray or tablet, orally as a tablet, transdermally as a patch, topically as an ointment, or intravenously in an emergency setting. I.e. Nitroglycerin, Nitrolingual, Nitrogard, Nitrostat |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it. Vitorin, a statin drug, combined with a cholesterol absorption inhibitor not only lowers cholestero in the blood and reduces its production in the liver, but also decreases absorption of dietary cholesterol from the intestine. Hypercholesterolemia is a major factor in the development of heart disease. Dilate arteres in skeletal muscles, thus improving peripheral blood flow. i.e. Atorvastatin - Lipitor; Simvastatin - Zocor; Simvastatin and ezetimibe - Vytorin |
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Term
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Definition
| Peripheral vasodilators treat periperal vascular diseases, diabetic peripheral vascular insufficiecy, and Taynaud disease. I.e. Cyclandelate - cyclan; Isoxsuprine - Vasodilan |
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Term
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Definition
AAA - Abdominal aortic aneurysm
ACE: Angitensin - converting enzyme (inhibitor)
AF: Atrial Fibrillation
AS: Aortic Stenosis
ASD: Atrial Septal Defect
ASHD: Arteriosclerotic heart disease
AST: Angiontensin Sensitivity test
AV: Atrioventricular; arteriovenous
BBB: Bundle-branch block
BP, B/P: Blood Pressure
CA: Cancer; chronological age, cardiac arrest
CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft
CAD: Coronary artery disease
CC: Cardiac catheterization
CCU: Coronary care unit
CHD: Coronary Heart disease
Chol: Cholesterol
CK: creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty
CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CV: Cardiovascular
DES: Drug-eluting stent
DOE: dyspnea on exertion
DSA: Digital subtraction angiography
DVT: Deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis
ECG, EKG: electrocardiogram; electrocardiography
ECHO: echocardiogram echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography
EF: ejection fraction
ETT: Exercise tolerance test
HDL: High density liproproteins
HF: Heart Failure
HTN: Hypertension
ICD: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
IV: Intravenous
LA: Left atrium
LD: Lactate dehydrogenase; lactic acid deydrogenase (cardiac enzyme)
LDL: low-density lipoprotein
LV: left ventricle
MI: myocardial infarction
MR: mitral regurgitation
MRA: Magnetic resonance angiogram; magnetic resonance angiography
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
MS: musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mitral stenosis; mental status
MUGA: Multiple-gated acquisition (scan)
MVP: Mitral valve prolapse
NSR: normal sinus rhythm
PAC: premature atrial contraction
PTCA: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PV: premature ventricular contraction
RA: right atrium
RV: residual volume; right ventricle
SA, S-A: Sinoatrial
SOB: Shortness of breath
VSD: ventricular septal defect
VT: Ventricular tachycardia. |
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