Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 basic ways that hormones act on their target cells |
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Definition
1. controlling the rates of enzymatic reactions
2. controlling the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes
3. controlling gene expression & the synthesis of proteins |
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Term
| 3 classic steps for identifying an endocrine gland once a structure is suspected of secreting hormones |
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Definition
1. remove the suspected gland
2. replace the hormone
3. create a state of hormone excess |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical secreted by a cell or group of cells into the blood for transport to a distant target, where it exerts its effect at very low concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized ectohormones that act on other organisms of the same species to elicit a physiological or behavioral response |
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Term
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Definition
| a large group of substances that influence cell growth & division |
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Term
| cellular mechanism of action |
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Definition
| the biochemical responses initiated when hormones bind to target cell receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of time required to reduce the concentration of hormone by one-half; the indicator for the rate of hormone breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
| contain one or more copies of a peptide hormone, a signal sequence that directs the protein into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, & other peptide sequences that may or may not have biological activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a small, inactive molecule created by the removal of the signal sequence from an inactive preprohormone as it moves through the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer portion of the adrenal glands that makes several types of steroid hormones |
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Term
| Where are the adrenal glands located? |
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Definition
| one sits atop each kidney |
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Term
| Where is cortisol produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Steroid hormone receptors enable those steroid hormones to initiate rapid _____ in addition to their slower genomic effects |
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Definition
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Term
| What is melatonin derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| neurohormones that bind to cell membrane receptors the way peptide hormones do |
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Term
| What type of hormones do thyroid hormones act like? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| controls calcium homeostasis; an example of a hormone that uses a simple endocrine reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| a lima bean-sized structure that extends downward from the brain, connected to it by a thin stalk & cradled in a protective pocket of bone |
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Term
| Is the anterior pituitary a true endocrine gland of epithelial origin? |
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Definition
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Term
| The posterior pituitary is an extension of _____ |
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Definition
| neural tissue of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| released from the posterior pituitary in women that controls the ejection of milk during breast-feeding & contractions of the uterus during labor & delivery |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that control the secretion of other hormones |
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Term
| 2 other names for "somatostatin" |
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Definition
1. growth hormone-inducing hormone
2. somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| an anterior pituitary hormone that controls milk production in the female breast |
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Term
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Definition
| affects metabolism of many tissues in addition to stimulating hormone production by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| act on the testes & ovaries |
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Term
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| controls hormone synthesis & secretion in the thyroid gland |
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Term
| adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| acts on certain cells of the adrenal cortex to control synthesis & release of the steroid hormone cortisol |
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Term
| In hypothalamic-pituitary pathways, the dominant form of feedback is _____, where the hormone secreted by the peripheral endocrine gland "feeds back" to suppress secretion of its anterior pituitary & hypothalamic hormones |
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Definition
| long-loop negative feedback |
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Term
| short-loop negative feedback |
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Definition
| when a pituitary hormone feeds back to decrease hormone secretion by the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of interaction where two (or more) hormones interact at their targets so that the combination yields a result that is greater than additive |
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Term
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Definition
| one hormone cannot fully exert its effects unless a second hormone is present, even though the second hormone has no apparent action |
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Term
| Most instances of hormone excess are due to _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when too little hormone is secreted; leads to symptoms of hormone deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of down-regulation in the endocrine system; a disorder where sustained high levels of insulin in the blood cause target cells to remove insulin receptors from the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a pathology (deficiency or excess) that arises in the last endocrine gland in a complex reflex pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| when the dysfunction occurs in the anterior pituitary |
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