Term
| the study of the structure and makeup of the organism |
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Definition
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Term
| Under the right circumstances each cardiac tissue has the ability to generate an impulse. May be caused by hypoxia or electrolyte imbalance in the cardiac cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Occurs when the bone ends partially or temporarily dislocate and the supporting ligaments are partially stretched or torn. |
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Definition
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Term
| the point were 2 or more bones come together, allowing movement to occur. |
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Definition
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Term
| Occurs when a muscle is stretched or torn. results in pain, swelling, and brusing of surrounding soft tissue. No ligament or joint damage. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they form joints. Provides cushioning and allow the bones to move smoothly against each other. |
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Definition
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Term
| Femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius, and humerous |
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Definition
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Term
| Carpal (wrist) and the tarsal (ankle). |
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Definition
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Term
| Certain skull bones, ribs, the sternum, and scapulae. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many facial bones and those that make up the vertebrae in the spine and pelvis. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Compact(solid) and Cancellous(Spongy) |
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Term
| Whenever two bones come in contact |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| The 230 joints in the human body are summarized. |
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Definition
| Fibrous, Cartilage, and Synovial Joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Ball-and-socket, condyloid, gliding(plane), hinge, pivot, saddle joints. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Metacarpals and phalanges |
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Definition
| Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Proximal ends of the radius and ulna |
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Definition
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Term
| Between the carpal and metacarpal bones of the thumb |
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Definition
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Term
| The bone ends of the joint are held together by a fibrous sac |
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Definition
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Term
| Shock absorbing fibrocartilage pads |
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Definition
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Term
| The two main portions of the skeletal system. |
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Definition
| Axial and appendicular skeleton |
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Term
| Human growth hormone, thyroxine, insulin, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, estrogen, and testosterone |
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Definition
| Hormones involved in Bone Growth and Maintenance |
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Term
| How many bones are in the human skeleton. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many bones does the skull consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| The sutures should have solidified and the fontanelles closed by what age? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anterior, middle, and posterior fossa |
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Definition
| 3 compartments of the cranial vault |
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Term
| The dura mater, arachoid, and pia mater. |
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Definition
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Term
| Small openings, perforations, or orifices in the bones of the cranial vault. |
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Definition
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Term
| Part of both the cranial vault and the face. |
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Definition
| Frontal and Ethmoid bones |
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Term
| How many facial bones form the structure of the face, without contributing to the cranial vault. |
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Definition
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Term
| The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth. |
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Definition
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Term
| The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxllae, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and the great wing of the sphenoid bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Protects the eyes, nose, and tongue and provide attachment points for the muscles that allow chewing |
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Definition
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Term
| The zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone form. It also lends shape to the cheeks. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood and fat leak into the maxillary sinus below the orbit from a fracture. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An inflammation of the paransal sinuses that is relatively common. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hammer, anvil, and stirrup or the malleus, incus, and stapes. |
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Definition
| 3 tiny auditory bones of the ear |
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Term
| Contains many important structures. Supported by the cervical spine, or the first 7 vertebrae in the spinal column. |
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Definition
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Term
| A firm ridge of cartilage inferior to the thyroid cartilage, which is somewhat more difficult to palpate. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage in the midline of the neck is a soft depression. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Thin sheet of connective tissue the joins the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head. |
|
Definition
| Sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The central supporting structure of the body and is composed of 33 bones, each called a vertebra. |
|
Definition
| Spinal column or vertebral column |
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|
Term
| Named according to the section of the spine in which they lie and are numbered from top to bottom. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The 1st, consist of seven vertebae in the neck. The skull rest here. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The 2nd, consists of twelve vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The 3rd, consists of five vertebrae. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 4th, consists of five vertebrae, are fused together to form one bone. Joined to the iliac bones of the pelvis with strong ligaments at the sacroiliac joints to form the pelvis. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The last, consists of four vertebrae, all fused together. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The first cervical vertebra. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The second cervical vertebra is known as this and is the point which the head rotates, left to right. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Large offshoot of C2, which fits into the enlarged vertebral foramen of the atlas. |
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Definition
| The Dens or Odontoid Process |
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Term
| The cervical vertebrae numbered C3 through C6 form |
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Definition
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|
Term
| C7 is different, it has a large spinous process that may be seen and felt at the base of the neck. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Each vertebra can be felt as it lies just under the skin in the midline of the back. |
|
Definition
| Posterior spinous process |
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|
Term
| The anterior part of each vertebra consist of a round, solid block of bone. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Serious of arches from one vertebra to the next forms a tunnel that runs the length of the spine |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The vertebrae are connected by ligaments, and between each vertebra is a cushion. These ligaments and disks allow some motion so the trunk can bend forward (flex) and back (extend), and allow for rotation and lateral movement. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae. Long transverse process that, along with the vertebral bodies, articulate with the first 10 ribs. Presence of the ribs limit movement of the thoracic spine. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 12 pair of ribs. Protects organs within the thorax and prevents collaspe of the chest during breathing. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The upper seven pair of ribs, articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and attach directly to the sternum, or breatbone. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs attach to the inferior portion of the preceding rib's cartilage instead of the sternum itself. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The remaining 2 ribs are held in place by cartilage and have no attachment to the sternum. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The manubrium, the elongated body, and the xiphoid process. |
|
Definition
| 3 components of the sternum |
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|
Term
| The upper part of the sternum |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The rest of the sternum excess for the xiphod process. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Narrow, cartilage tip of the sternum. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Attaches the upper extremity to the body. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Two components of the shoulder girdle. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Triangle shaped, shoulder blade |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protects the shoulder joints and provides a site of attachment for both the clavicle and various shoulder muscles. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The part of the scapula that forms the socket in the ball-in-socket joint of the shoulder. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bodies systems, operating simultneously and relying on a myrid of interactions, all work to maintain a state of balance in which organs and systems can function effectively? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the study of the processes and functions of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What studies the tissues and cellular components that cannot be seen with the naked eye? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What studies the organs and their location in the body? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's Apple. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Floats in the superior aspect of the neck just below the mandible. Not actually part of the skull, but supports the tongue and serves as a point of attachment for many important neck and tongue muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior condle of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone at a condyloid joint. |
|
Definition
| Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) |
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|
Term
| The large moveable bone comprising the lower jaw and containing the lower teeth. Numerous muscles of chewing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hollowed sections of bone in the front of the head, which are lined with mucous membrane and drain into the nasal cavity. |
|
Definition
| Paranasal Sinues or Sinuses |
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|
Term
| The seperation between the nostrils and is located in the midline. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cone-shaped fossae that encloses and protects the eyes. Contains the eyeballs, muscles that move it, nerves, and fat. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Extremely thin bone and breaks easily. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The chamber inside the nose that lies between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The cranial nerve for smell, sends projections through the foramina in the cribriform plate and into the nasal cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On either side of the crista galli. The horizontal bone that is perforated with numerous openings (foramina) for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity. |
|
Definition
| Cribriform Plate or The Ethmoid Bone |
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|
Term
| Forms a prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa and is the point of attachment of the meninges. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A cone-shaped section of bone at the base of the temporal bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrous tissue, which soften and expand during childbirth, link the sutures. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The bone of the skull are connected together at special joints. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The brain and the spinal cord are connected through a large opening at the base of the skull. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Consists of the 8 bones that encase and protect the brain. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The area of the head above the ears and eyes. Contains the brains. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The are 6, 3 on each side of the head, deep within cavities of the temporal bone. Function in hearing. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Sits atop the axial skeleton. Consists of 28 bones. 3 anatomic groups:
1. Auditory ossicles, 2. Cranium, 3. The Face |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Amount of bones in the human skeleton. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The arms and legs, their connection points, and the pelvis. |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms the foundation on which the arms and legs are hung. Composed of the skull, face, thoracic cage, and vertebral column. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Required for the absorption of calcium in the small intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages of the bone surface that dissolve the matrix and return minerals to the extracellular fluid. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Process where bones develop from connective tissue membranes, are replaced by spongy bone, then compact bone, to form flat bones. |
|
Definition
| Intramembranous Ossification |
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|
Term
| The process of bone formation. |
|
Definition
| Endochondrial Ossification |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of replacing other tissue with bone. Involves the deposition of calcium salts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When extracellular matrix has surrounded the osteoblast. Mature bone cells. |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Think lubricant, this oil allows the ends of the bones to glide over each other as opposed to rubbing and grating. Contains white blood cells to fight infections and provide nourishment to the cartilage covering the bone. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Allow free movement and are more complex than other type of joints. Lubricated with fluid. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Connected by hyaline cartilage, or fibrocartilage, these joints include those that seperate the vertebrae. Each intervertebral disk is an example. Slightly flexible. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Lying between bones that closely contact each other, they are joined by thin, dense connective tissue. Suture between flat bones of the skull. Synarthrotic or immovable. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Slight, limited motion in which the bone ends are held together by fibrous tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lacy network of bony rods. Oriented along the lines of stress to increase the weight-bearing capacity of the long bones. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Consists of a lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mostly solid, with few spaces and contains a central space called the marrow cavity or marrow canal. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 2 types: Red and Yellow. Long bones in the extremities contain adipose (fat) yellow. Bones of the axial skeleton and girdles contain red, where most red blood cells are made. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An internal cavity that contains bone marrow. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Lines the inner surface of bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of a double layer of connective tissue, lines the outer surface of the bone. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The growth plate of a long bone; also called the epiphyseal plate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tough white bands of tissue that connect bones to each other. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Specialized tough cords or bands of dense white connective tissue that connect muscle to bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gives us our recognizable human form and protects our vital internal organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal, muscular, respiratory, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, integumentary, digestive, endocrine, urinary and genital systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms an incomplete lining within the cavities of the synovial joints. Made entirely of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The skin, which covers the body surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lines the body cavities that open to the outside of the body including the nose and mouth as well as digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tubes. Consists of epithelium above loose connective tissue, with goblet cells that secrete mucus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lines body cavities that lacks openings to the outside of the body. Form fluid called a transudate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. Serous, 2. Mucous, 3. Cutaneous, 4. Synovial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin structures made up of epithelium and underlying connective tissue. They cover the body surfaces and line body cavities. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Crucial to neuronal functioning. These cells divide and support nervous tissue components. Phagocytize other cells and supply nutrients to neurons and help in communications between cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basic structure of neural tissue that respond to environmental changes by transmitting impulses along axons (cellular processes) to other neurons, to muscles, or to glands. Coordinate, integrate, and regulate a wide variety of functions in the body. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another. (Neurons and Neuroglica or glial cells).
Found in the brain, peripheal nerves, and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is a thick contractile middle layer of the heart wall. Involuntary and makes up most of the heart. Relies on pacemaker cells or nodes of tissue in the conduction system for regular contraction. |
|
Definition
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue also Myocardium |
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|
Term
| Composed of elongated, spindle-shaped cells in muscles not under voluntary control. Compose hollow organs: stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, blood vessels, and uterus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Known as voluntary muscle tissue because it is found in muscles controlled by conscious effort. Moves the head, trunk, and limbs, allowing all voluntary movement in these body areas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac |
|
Definition
| 3 Types of Muscle Tissues |
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|
Term
| Have distinctive populations of cells suspended in a water matrix. Contains disolved protein, and may be of 2 types: blood or lymph. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haversian system, cylinder-shaped. Cemented together to form the substance of bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains a small amount of ground substance, but actually consist of a dense and mineralized matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This tissue that fills the inside of bones, and is the site of production of red blood cells, platlets, an most white blood cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most rigid type of connective tissue, with a high mineral content that makes it harder than other types. Establishes the framework of the body. Consists of a matrix of connective tissue, blood vessel, and mineral. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This tough form of cartilage absorbs shock in the spinal column, knees, and pelvic girdle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This flexible cartilage provides framework for the ears and larynx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On the ends of the bones in many joints, the soft portion of the nose, and in the respiratory passages supporting rings. Important for bone growth. Most common type of cartilage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rigid connective tissue with a gelatinous matrix that contains an abundance of fibers. Supports, frames, and attaches to many underlying tissue and bone. Live totally inside the extracellular matrix. No direct blood supply and heals very slow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Differs from connective tissue proper because it has a less diverse cell population and a matrix that contains many more densely packaged fibers protects soft tissues and some or all of the body's weight.
2 types: Bone and Cartilage |
|
Definition
| Support Connective Tissue |
|
|
Term
| Helps to create a framework inside internal organs such as the spleen and liver. |
|
Definition
| Reticular Connective Tissue |
|
|
Term
| Binds skin to underlying organs and fills in spaces between muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lies benath the skin, between muscles, around the kidneys, behind the eyes, in certain membranes of the abdomen, on the heart's surface, and around some of the body's joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This tissue that fills the inside of bones, and is the site of production of red blood cells, platlets, an most white blood cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most rigid type of connective tissue, with a high mineral content that makes it harder than other types. Establishes the framework of the body. Consists of a matrix of connective tissue, blood vessel, and mineral. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This tough form of cartilage absorbs shock in the spinal column, knees, and pelvic girdle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This flexible cartilage provides framework for the ears and larynx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On the ends of the bones in many joints, the soft portion of the nose, and in the respiratory passages supporting rings. Important for bone growth. Most common type of cartilage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rigid connective tissue with a gelatinous matrix that contains an abundance of fibers. Supports, frames, and attaches to many underlying tissue and bone. Live totally inside the extracellular matrix. No direct blood supply and heals very slow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Differs from connective tissue proper because it has a less diverse cell population and a matrix that contains many more densely packaged fibers protects soft tissues and some or all of the body's weight.
2 types: Bone and Cartilage |
|
Definition
| Support Connective Tissue |
|
|
Term
| Helps to create a framework inside internal organs such as the spleen and liver. |
|
Definition
| Reticular Connective Tissue |
|
|
Term
| Binds skin to underlying organs and fills in spaces between muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lies benath the skin, between muscles, around the kidneys, behind the eyes, in certain membranes of the abdomen, on the heart's surface, and around some of the body's joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes adipose (fat) tissue, areolar tissue, and reticular connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains many collagenous fibers, and appears white. Its fine network of elastic fibers contain few cells and is very strong. Has poor blood supply and is repaired very slowly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes those connective tissues with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a syrup-like ground substances. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Responsible for phagocytosis. Engulf and devour unwanted microorganisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue proper, Supporting connective tissues, and Fluid connective tissue. |
|
Definition
| 3 Categories of Connective Tissue |
|
|
Term
| Specialized cells in the deeper epithelium of the skin that are responsible for the production of melanin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distributed throughout connective tissue, usually near blood vessels, and releases both heparin and histamine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Form delicate supporting networks in the spleen and other tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The difference in concentrations of the substance on either side of the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Particles such as salts that are dissolved in a solvent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The movement of solutes, from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration, to produce an even distribution of particles in the space available. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two lines intersecting at the umbilicus, dividing it into 4 equal areas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures that appear on only one side of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A body part that appears on both sides of the midline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describes turning an extremity away from the midline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describes turning the anterior portion of an extremity toward the midline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Turning the palms downward. (Toward the ground) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Turning the palms upward. (Toward the sky) |
|
Definition
| Supination of the Forearm |
|
|
Term
| Refers to a body part that was extended to the maximum level or even beyond the normal range of motion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to a body part that was flexed to the maximum level or even beyond the normal range of motion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moves the extremity toward the midline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moves the extremity away from the midline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The motion association with the return of a body part from flexed position to the anatomical postion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common in body parts that are often stretched, such as the vocal cord; they are composed of a protein called elastin, and also called yellow fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important for body parts that hold structures together (ligaments and tendons); also called dense connective tissue or white fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. Collagenous Fiber, Elastic Fibers, and Reticular Fibers |
|
Definition
| Fibroblast produce 3 connective tissue fibers |
|
|
Term
| The most common type of fixed cells. Produces fibers via protein secretion into the extracellular matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells divide, have a good blood supply, and require large amounts of nourishment. Bone, cartilage, and fat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretory structures derived from epithelia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anchors epithelial tissue to connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Covers body surfaces, covers and line internal organs, and make up the glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A substance stored in a vesicle is secreted from the cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carry information from one part of the body to another via electrical impulses. Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized for contraction, and include the skeletal muscles of the body, the heart, and the muscular walls of hollow organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Widely distributed throughout the body, filling internal spaces, and function to bind, support, and protect body structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Involves the movement of specific kinds of particles into the cell, with protein molecules extending through part of the cell membrane to the outer surface. |
|
Definition
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| "Cell eating" involves cell taking in solis instead of liquids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Cell drinking" involves cells taking in small liquid droplets from the surrounding cell environment with a small indentation of the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Covers the surface of the skin and organs, forms the inner lining of the body's cavities, and also lines hollow organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A secretion from the cell membrane moves particles too large to enter the cell by other processes within a vesicle of the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The movement of a substance against a concentration or gradient such as the cell membrane. Requires energy as well as some type of carrier mechanism and is a movement opposite of the normal movement of diffusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bind body structures, provide support and protection, create frameworks, fill body spaces, store fats, produce blood cells, transport fluids, and dissolve materials, repair damaged tissues, and protect the body from infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surrounds the cells. The extracellular protein fibers and ground substance. Usually counts for the majority of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. Specialized cells, 2. Extracellular protein fibers, 3. A fluid known as ground substance. |
|
Definition
| The 3 Basic Functions of Connective Tissue |
|
|
Term
| Physical protection, permeability, sensation, and specialized secretions. |
|
Definition
| The 4 Essential Functions of Epithelia |
|
|
Term
| The process in which a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas of high concentration to area of lower concentration. Energy is not required. The number of molecules transported is directly proportional to the amount of concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concentrations on either side of the membrane are equal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Less solute is present within the cell than outside. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the concetration of solute is higher within the cell than outside. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemicals that are dissolved in the blood and are made up of salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent such as water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The patient is lying on left side and the bottom arm is extended straight with head lying on it. Top knee is bent, angling the patients' body slightly toward the floor. |
|
Definition
| Recovery Position or Left Lateral Recumbent Position |
|
|
Term
| A patient who is sitting up with the knees bent or straight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pelvic fracture or significant lower extremity injury, sever chest injury, and severe head injury. |
|
Definition
| Contraindications of the Shock Position |
|
|
Term
| The head and torso are supine and the lower extremities are elevated 6 to 12 inches to help increase blood flow to the brain. |
|
Definition
| Shock Position or Modified Trendelenburg |
|
|
Term
| The trunk without the head and limbs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of the structure and makeup of the organism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Position in which the patient is on a backboard or stretcher with the feet 6 to 12 inches higher than the head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If too much water enters a cell, it will swell and burst. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If too much water moves out of the cell, the cell shrinks abnormally. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement of the foot toward the sole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement of the foot towards the dorsal aspect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moving a distal point of an extremity towards the trunk. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The full distance that a joint can be moved. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The front region of the hand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the spinal side of the body, including the back of the hand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the belly side of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Means farther inside the body and away from the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Means closer to or on the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describes structures that are farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describes structures that are closer to the trunk. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the body that lies closer to the midline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the body that lies farther from the midline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The part of the body nearer to the feet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The part of the body, or any body part, is the portion nearer to the head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A view of an object cut along its long axis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The product of slicing an object across or perpendicular to its long axis, as you would do if you wanted to count the rings in a tree trunk. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A special type of sagittal plane where the body is cut in half, leaving equal left and right halves. Nose and Navel are found along this imaginary line. |
|
Definition
| Midsagittal Plane (Midline) |
|
|
Term
| Body is sliced so that you have a left and a right portion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The body is sliced so the result is a top and bottom portion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slicing the body so that you have a front and a back portion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hand forward. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superficial landmarks of the body. To perform an accurate assessment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of how body functions change and react when the body encounters disease or when homeostasis is otherwise disturbed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fluid-filled sac situated between a tendon and a bone that cushions and protects joints such as the shoulder, hip, or knee. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bone located on the lateral side (the thumb side) of the forearm when the forearm is in the anatomic position. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located on the medial side(The little finger side) of the forearm when the forearm is in the anatomic position. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The proximal portion of the radius. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The distal portion of the radius contains a small bony protrusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The wrist is made up of a group of eight irregularly shaped bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formed by the space bounded by the trapezium and hamate dorsally and the flexor retinaculum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bones that form the hand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A series of small bones that exist in each finger. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consisting of 2 saddle-shaped articulating surfaces that are oriented at right angles to one another so that the complementary sufaces articulate with each other. |
|
Definition
| Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb |
|
|
Term
| Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. Contains a ring of bones formed by the sacrum and the coxal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest portion of the hip bone, it forms the prominence of the hip. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lowest portion of the hip bone, it is L-shaped. It supports the weight of the body when sitting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior portion of the hip bone, it forms an angle known as the pubic arch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large opening that lies between the pubis and ischium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two posterior sacroiliac joints and the interior midline pubic symphysis. |
|
Definition
| The 3 Joints of the Pelvis |
|
|
Term
| The location where the ilium connects with the sacrum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lower midportion of the pelvic ring where the left and ride sides fuse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made of the thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot, and toes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The socket of the ball-and-socket joint that connects the pelvic girdle with the lower extremity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The part of the lower extremity that extends from the hip to the knee and contains the femur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The longest and strongest bone in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The uppermost portion of the femur and articulates with the pelvic girdle at the acetabulum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arises lateral to the juncture of the neck and shaft and is clinically considered as part of the hip. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lies within the major anterior tendon of the thigh muscle and articulates with the femur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made of the tibia and fibula, and extends from the knee to the ankle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The longer and thicker of the 2 leg bones and is situated on the anterior surface of the leg. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior portion of the tibia, only covered by skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms the medial side of the ankle joint and lies at the distal end of the tibia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior to the tibia and does not articulate directly with the femur, but rather with the tibia at the head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An enlargement of the distal end of the fibula forms the lateral wall of the ankle joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extends between the tibia and femur and prevents abnormal anterior movement (hyperextension) of the tibia. |
|
Definition
| The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) |
|
|
Term
| Prevents abnormal posterior displacement of the tibia. |
|
Definition
| The Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) |
|
|
Term
| Articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 7 bones that make up the ankle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is made up of 7 bones called tarsals that are arranged so that the talus bone moves freely where it joins the leg bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lies inferior and lateral to the talus, providing additional support. |
|
Definition
| The Calcaneus or Heel Bone |
|
|
Term
| The bones of the soles of the feet; they form the foot arches. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the bones and voluntary muscles of the body. Protects the vital organs of the body. |
|
Definition
| The Musculoskeletal System |
|
|
Term
| Form of tissue that allows body movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many muscles are in the musculoskeletal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Individual skeletal muscles are seperated from other muscles and held in position by layers of fibrous connective tissue.
Surrounds every muscle and may form cord-like tendons beyond each muscle's end. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broad sheets of fibers that may attach to bones or to the coverings of other muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A single cell that contracts in response to stimulation and relaxes when the stimulation ceases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve cells that transmit instructions from the CNS to the end organs, also known as efferent neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemicals that enable neurons to communicate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The division of chromosomes in a cell nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The principal product is lactic acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by the decomposition of acetylcholine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, carries 97% oxygen. Pigment that makes blood appear red. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pigment synthesized in the muscles to give skeletal muscles their reddish-brown color. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Equivalent to the amount of oxygen that liver cells require to convert the lactic acid into glucose, as well as the amount needed by muscle cells to restore ATP and creatine phosphate levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolonged exercise may cause a muscle to become unable to contract. Lactic acid accumalation is the usually cause. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A relatively immovable part of the body where a skeletal muscle is fastened at a moveable joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A moveable part of the body to which a skeletal muscle is fastened at a moveable joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A muscle that contracts to provide most of the desired movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other muscle that work with a prime mover to make its action more effective. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other muscles cause movement in the opposite direction to the prime movers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscles protect the intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of all the structures of the body that contribute to respiration, or the process of breathing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nose, mouth, tongue, jaw, oral cavity, larynx, and pharynx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Referred to as the nasal cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Referred to as the oral cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A funnel-shaped structure that opens into the nose and mouth anteriorly and joins below with the larynx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rigid, hollow structure made of cartilage. Plays an important role in swallowing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mucus membrane that lines the nasal cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located in the epithelium in the nasal cavity are responsible for recognizing odors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most inferior passage of the upper airway, also known als hypopharynx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The windpipe. The main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Air and food enter the pharynx and the pass through to the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protecting the opening of the trachea is a thin, leaf-shaped valve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between the tyroid and cricoid cartilage and can be felt as a depression in the midline of the neck just inferior to the thyroid cartilage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately 5 inches long and is a semirigid, enclosed air tube made up of rings of cartilage that are open in the back. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The part of the lower airway below the larynx through which air enters the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Constriction of the airway passages of the lung that accompanies muscle spasms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branched airways leading from the trachea to the alveoli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A projection of the lowest portion of the tracheal cartilage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The point of entry for the bronchi, vessels, and nerves into each lung. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Airway passages in the lungs that are formed from the division of the right and left mainstem bronchi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Airway passages in the lungs that are formed from branching of the secondary bronchi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small subdivisions of the bronchi and give rise to the alveolar ducts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ducts formed from division of the respiratory bronchioles in the lower airway. Each duct ends in cluster known as alveoli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found in the alveoli reduces surface tension to increase pulmonary compliance and prevent atelectasis at the end of expiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lungs contain approximately how many alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately how big is each alveolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The very thin membrane, consisting of only one cell layer, that lies between the alveolus and capillary, through which respiratory exchange between the alveolus and the blood vessels occurs. |
|
Definition
| Alveolocapillary Membrane |
|
|
Term
| The primary organs of breathing. The right contains 3 lobes and the left contains 2. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrance of connective tissue that surrounds the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pleural membrane that lines the pleural cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. It is described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the space does not exist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pleural membrane that covers the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The movement of air from outside the body into and out of the bronchial tree and alvoli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles between the ribs relax. |
|
Definition
| Inhalation or Inspiration |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pressure within the lungs and airway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A progressive, irreversible disease of the airway marked by decreased inspiratory and expiratory capacity of the lungs. |
|
Definition
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
|
|
Term
| The inhaling and exhaling of air. The physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amount of oxygen in inspired air. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains 16% oxygen and 3-5% carbon dioxide. The rest is nitrogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of moving air in and out of the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much oxygen does a patient receive during each ventilation when providing artificial ventilations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The total surface area created around the alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A defect which occurs in the lungs whereby ventilation (the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment) and perfusion (the passage of blood through the lungs) are not evenly matched, a finding typical of COPD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain-or more specifically, the respiratory center in the brainstem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood. |
|
Definition
| Main Respiratory Stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Results in decreased pH levels in the respiratory center, which triggers an increase in ventilation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results in increased pH levels in the respiratory center and a decrease in ventilation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A backup system to control respirations. Senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. |
|
Definition
| Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Paco2) |
|
|
Term
| A measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood. |
|
Definition
| Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Pao2) |
|
|
Term
| A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35, and caused by accumulation of acids in the body from a respiratory cause. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45, and resulting from the accumulation of bases in the body from a respiratory cause. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35, and caused by accumulation of acids in the body from a metabolic cause. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45, and resulting from the accumulation of bases in the body from a metabolic cause. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A substance that can absorb or donate hydrogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Act as rapid defenses for acid-base changes, providing almost immediate protection against changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of the extracellular fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fastest way the body can get rid of excess acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The function is to keep you breathing so you do not have to think about it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A portion of the medulla oblongata that is responsible for modulating breathing during speech. |
|
Definition
| Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) |
|
|
Term
| A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is found. |
|
Definition
| Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) |
|
|
Term
| A portin of the pons that assists in creating shorter, faster respirations. |
|
Definition
| Pneumotaxic (pontine) Center |
|
|
Term
| A portion of the pons that assists in creating longer, slower respirations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A protective mechanism that terminates inhaltion, thus preventing overexpansion of the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the adult male total lung capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate total lung capacity of an adult female? |
|
Definition
| 4000 mL, about 1/3 less than an adult male |
|
|
Term
| Unless you just finished exercising, the amount of your air movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The deepest breath you can take after a normal breath. |
|
Definition
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
|
|
Term
| The maximum amount of air that you can forcibly breathe out after a normal breath. |
|
Definition
| Expiratory Reserve Volume |
|
|
Term
| Gas that remains in the lungs simply to keep the lungs open. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with maximum inspiration and expiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much air does a typical bag-mask device hold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli, and, therefore, little or no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs. Mouth, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles are examples. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory Rate x Tidal Volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breathing requires effort and may involve accessory muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children respiratory rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occur when the respiratory center in the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles. Appear to be breathing after normal respirations have stopped. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes the heart and a complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. |
|
Definition
| Circulatory System or Cardiovascular System |
|
|
Term
| The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs and travels throughout the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Travels only between the heart and lung.
Carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium.
Blood passes through the lungs, it is refreshed with oxygen and gives up carbon dioxide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest.
Contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A thick, fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart.
Anchors the heart within the mediastinum and prevents overdistention of the heart.
Has an outer, fibrous membrane (parietal), and inner membrane (visceral). |
|
Definition
| Pericardium or Pericardial Sac |
|
|
Term
| Between the parietal and visceral layers and has about 5ml of serous fluid that reduces friction between the pericardial membranes as the heart moves within them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer epicardium, middle myocardium, and inner endocardium. |
|
Definition
| 3 layers of the Heart Wall |
|
|
Term
| Protects the heart by reducing friction, and is the visceral portion of the pericardium on the surface of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Made mostly of cardia muscle tissue that is organized in planes and richly supplied by blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, and nerve fibers.
It pumps blood out of the chambers of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Made up of epithelium and connective tissue with many elastic and collagenous fibers.
It also contains blood vessels and specialized cardiac muscle fibers known as Purkinje Fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane that seperates the two atria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A thicker wall that seperates the two ventricles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the 2 lower chambers of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the 2 upper chambers of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seperate the upper and lower portions of the heart and prevents blow from flowing backward. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valves located between the ventricles and arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A depression between the right and left atria that indicates where the foramen ovale had been located in the fetus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but normally closes shortly after birth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seperates the right atrium from the right ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seperates the left atrium from the left ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The flaps that comprise the heart valves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the valves by muscular strands called chordae tendineae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulates blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulates blood flow from the left ventrice to the aorta. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood from the upper part of the body returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood from the lower part of the body returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The body's largest artery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The strongest and largest of the four cardiac chambers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sudden closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of ventricular contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The closure of both the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of ventricular contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A soft, low-pitched heart sound that occurs about 1/3 of the way through diastole (period where ventricle is relaxed) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A medium-pitched sound that occurs immediately before the normal s1 sound.
Represents either decreased stretching of the left ventricle or increased pressure in the atria. Almost always abnormal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A abnormal "whooshing-like" sound heard over the heart that indicate turbulent blood flow through the heart valves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An abnormal "whooshing-like" sound heard over a main blood vessel the indicates turbulant blood flow within the blood vessel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indicate abnormal ardiac valve funtion. |
|
Definition
| Ejection Click and Opening Snaps |
|
|
Term
| A group of complex electrical tissues within the heart that initiate and transmit stimuli that result in contractions of myocardial tissue. |
|
Definition
| Electrical Conduction System |
|
|
Term
| The most common natural pacemaker. Nonspecific cell or group of cells located high in the right atrium and is the normal site of origin of the electrical impulse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The site located in the AV junction that is responsible for transiently slowing electrical conduction. |
|
Definition
| Atrioventricular (AV) Node |
|
|
Term
| Part of the conduction system of the heart, a continuation of the atrioventricular node. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of the rate of contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of the rate of electrical conduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of the strength of contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respond to changes in pressure, usually within the heart or the main arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Senses changes in the chemical composition of the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The strength of heart muscle contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of heart beats per minute. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of alpha receptors that result in vasoconstriction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulations of beta receptors that results in inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Naturally occuring hormones that also may be given as cardiac drugs. |
|
Definition
| Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, or Catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| Has a greater stimulatory effect on beta receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has predominant stimulatory actions on alpha receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process that creates the pumping of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A term that refers to the contraction of the ventricular mass and the pumping of blood into the systemic and pulmonary circuits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The relaxation phase of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Systolic pressure - Diastolic Pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of blood ejected per contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in 1 minute. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stroke Volume x Heart Rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac muscle when it is stretched, it contracts with greater force. |
|
Definition
| Frank-Starling Mechanism or Starling's Law |
|
|
Term
| The amount of blood returning to the right atrium may vary somewhat from minute to minute, but the normal heart continues to pump out the same percentage of blood returned. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pressure under which a ventricle fills. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carry blood away from the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carry blood back to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutients, and waste between body tissues and the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smooth, thin, inner lining of a blood vessel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the 2 branches of the left main coronary artery that is the largest and shortest of the myocardial blood vessels |
|
Definition
| Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) |
|
|
Term
| One of the 2 branches of the left main coronary artery. |
|
Definition
| Circumflex Coronary Arteries |
|
|
Term
| Arises from the left ventricle and withstands the highest pressure of any vessel in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The aorta arches posteriorly and to the left. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Brachiocephalic Artery, The Left Common Carotid Artery, and The Left Subclavian Artery |
|
Definition
| 3 Arteries of The Aortic Arch |
|
|
Term
| The major artery that supplies blood to the head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The longest portion of the aorta and is subdivided into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first vessel to branch from the aortic arch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The proximal part of the main artery of the arm, which supplies the brain, neck, anterior chest wall, and shoulder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A slight dilation which contains structures that are important in regulating blood pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplies blood to the thigh, external genitalia, anterior abdominal wall, and knee. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A continuaion of the femoral artery at the knee. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The artery just behind the medial malleolus. Supplies blood to the foot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two main veins that drain the head and neck. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More superficial and often visible immediately beneath the skin. Drains the posterior head and neck. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drains the cranial vault as well as the anterior portion of the head, face, and neck. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spaces between membranes surrounding the brain. Primary means of venous drainage from the brain and feeds into the internal jugular vein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The proximal part of the main vein of the arm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 major veins of the arm that combine to form the axillary vein |
|
Definition
| Basilic and Cephalic Veins |
|
|
Term
| A specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vein in which blood empties after liver cells in the sinusoid of the liver extract nutrients, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The longest vein in the body. It drains the foot, leg, and thigh. Empties into the femoral vein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A continuation of the sphenous vein which drains into the external iliac vein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vein the forms when the anterior and posterior tibial veins unite at the knee. Ascends through the thigh becoming the femoral vein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The substance that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood does the human adult male body hold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Watery, straw-colored fluid that accounts for more than half of the total blood volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Constitutes 92% of plasma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Constitutes 7% of plasma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Make up the majority of the plasma proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies made by the liver that make up around 36% of plasma proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important for blood coagulation, makes up about 4% of the plasma proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The creation of all formed elements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carry oxygen to the tissues. They are disk-shaped, and are also know as erythrocytes. Between 4.2 and 5.8 million per cubic millimeter of blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ongoing process by which red blood cells are made. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many red blood cells are contained in the normal adult circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many erythrocytes are destroyed every second? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the life span of a red blood cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins recognized by the immune system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that react with antigens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When blow flow to the kidneys decreases or the oxygen content of the air in the lungs declines, oxygen concentrations in the blood are low. Could occur from disease, high altitude, or anemia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also known as leukocytes. Primary function is to fight infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many white blood cells are in a microliter of human blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of leukocyte that has large cytoplasmic granules that are easily seen with a simple light microscope. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White blood cells that lack granules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocytes and lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normally the most common granulocyte in blood. Destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes, and foreign matter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granulocytes that contain granules that stain bright red with the acidic stain, eosin. Funtion in the body's allergic response. Increased in people with allergies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The least common of all granulocytes and play a role in both allergic and inflammatory reactions. Contain large amounts of histamine and heparin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A substance that increases tissue inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A substance that inhibits blood clotting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest of the agranulocytes, they originate in the bone marrow but migrate through the blood to the lymphatic tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection. They engulf microbes and digest them in a process called phagoctosis. Once in the tissues, they mature into long lived macrophages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in the number of red blood cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small cells in the blood that are necessary for the series of chemical reactions that occur to form a clot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the platlet count per microliter of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Control of bleeding by formation of a blood clot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chemical that stimulates clotting of blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An alpha globulin made in the liver that is converted into thrombin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An enzyme that causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which binds to the platlet plug, forming the final clot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long, branching fibers that produce a weblike network in the wall of the damaged blood vessel. Binds to the platlet plug, forming a plug that stops the flow of blood to the tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A major component in the fibrinolytic system, in which clots that have already formed are lysed or disrupted, converting plasminogen to plasmin. |
|
Definition
| Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) |
|
|
Term
| An enzyme that dissolves the fibrin blood cloot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most easily palpated at the neck, wrist, or groin, is a pressure wave created by the forceful pumping of blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels. Related to the amount dilation or constriction in the blood vessel. |
|
Definition
| Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) |
|
|
Term
| How much blood does the average adult have in the vascular system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood does the average child have in the vascular system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood does the average infant have in the vascular system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The circulation of blood in an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells' current needs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The state of inadequate circulation, when it involves the entire body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately what percentage of blood is found within the heart, arteries, and capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of blood is found in the vein and venules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pressure exerted by a liquid and occurs when blood is moved through the artery at a relatively high pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs as the result of a complex chemical process that creates small fibers near the injured blood vessel, traping red blood cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary function is the production, maintenance, and distrbution of lymphocytes. Transport lymph by passive circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A thin plasm-like fluid formed from interstitial or extracellular fluid that bathes the tissues of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin-walled vessels through which lymph circulates through the body. They travel close to the major veins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Round or bean-shaped structures that are interspersed along the cours of the lymph vessels, and returns to the main circulatory system via the thoracic duct. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the two great lymph vessels. It empties into the superior vena cava. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gland that is larger in children but shrinks with age. It secretes thymosins, which are important in early immunity by affecting production and differentiation of lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located in the upper left abd cavity, inferior to the diaphragm and posterior and lateral to the stomach. Body's largest lymphatic organ, resembling a large, subdivided lymph node. Contains the largest amount of lymphatic tissue in adult's body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defends against many different types of pathogens. Mechanical barrier being the first line of defense. |
|
Definition
| Innate (Nonspecific) defense |
|
|
Term
| More precise, and target specific pathogens. Specialized lymphocytes recognize foreign molecules and act against them. |
|
Definition
| Adaptive (Specific) defense or Immunity |
|
|
Term
| Mechanical barrier, chemical barriers, NK cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever, and species resistance. |
|
Definition
| Innate (Nonspcefic) defense |
|
|
Term
| Include skin and the mucous membrances. Protect against certain infectious agents. Hair, sweat, and mucous. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provided by enzymes and other chemicla substances in the body fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone-like peptides that bind to uninfected cells and stimulate them to make protective proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that interact to cause inflammation and phagocytic activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elevation of body temperature that reduces iron in the blood, which inhibits bacterial and fungal reproduction. Increases phagocytosis (macrophages) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A tissue response to injury or infection that may include redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Infected area attract white blood cells, which engulf them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The constant monitoring, recognizing, and destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues. NK cells defend the body against cancer cells and various viruses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Detect, process, and present foreign materials or germs to other parts of the immune system, stimulating an immune response. |
|
Definition
| Langerhans Cells (Antigen-presenting cells) |
|
|
Term
| Injured tissues attract neutrophils and monocytes, which engulf and digest particles (patogens and cell debris). Monocytes influence the development of macrophages that attach to blood and lymphatic vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phagocytic cells that remove foreign particles from the lymph and blood. |
|
Definition
| Mononuclear Phagocytic System |
|
|
Term
| May be resistant to certain diseases that affect animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3rd line of defense. Resistance to specific pathogens or their toxins and metabolic by products. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a fetus develops, cells learn to recognize proteins and large molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A small molecule that cannot stimulate an immune response by itself. Usually combine with larger, more complex molecules to elicit an immune response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized lymphocyte precursors that make up the majority of circulated blood lymphocytes, 70-80% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distributed by the blood, and make up between 20-30% of the circulating lymphocytes. Abundant in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and intestinal lining, and spleen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when T cells attach to foreign, antigen-bearing cells such as bacterial cells, and interact with direct cell-to-cell contact. |
|
Definition
| Cellular Immune Response or Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
|
Term
| Cells that produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) to destroy antigens or antigen-containing particles. Formed from divided and differentiated B cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When antibodies react to destroy antigens r antigen-containing particles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Round, soluble proteins making up the gamma globulin part of the plasma protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE |
|
Definition
| 5 Major Types of Antibodies |
|
|
Term
| A single molecule in plasma and tissue fluid. Effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins. It activates complement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In exocrine glands secretions, breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juice, intestinal juice, bile, and urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Composed of 5 single molecules found together, it is the first antibody to be produced in response to infection. Responds to certain antigens in foods or bacteria. Activates complement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On the surface of most B cells, especially in infants. Important in the activation of B cells. It may play a roll in regulation of the humoral immune response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attaches to mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergic reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can be caused by natrul events or by administration (oral or injected) of suspensions of killed or weakened pathogens or their molecules. Can be active or passive. |
|
Definition
| Adaptive (aquired) immunity |
|
|
Term
| Long-lasting, and occurs when a patient produces an immune response to an antigen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when antibodies produced by another person are received by a patient; it has only short-term effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when a person develops a disease from exposure to a pathogen. Resistance then occurs as a result of the primary immune response. |
|
Definition
| Naturally Aquired Active Immunity |
|
|
Term
| Consists of ready-made antibodies that can be obtained from gamma globulin aquired from people who are already immune to the same disease. Artificially aquired passive immunity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does an fetus, after birth, have naturally aquired passive immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an immune response occurs because of a nonharmful substance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An antigen that triggers an allergic response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results from repeated exposure of the skin to certain chemicals. Usually takes about 48 hours to occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Affects people with inherited tendencies to overproduce IgE antibodies because of certain antigens. It takes only a few minutes to occur, and subsequent reexposure continues to trigger allergic reactions. |
|
Definition
| Immediate-reaction Allergy |
|
|
Term
| When the immune system fails to distinguish self from nonself, it may produce autoantibodies as well as cytotoxic T cells that attack and damage the body's tissues and organs, "attack against self". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how many people have autoimmune disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Perhaps the most complex organ system within the human body. Contains the brain and spinal cord, and thousands of nerves that allow every part of the body to communicate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The part of the peripheal nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control, such as walking, talking, and writing. |
|
Definition
| Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary) |
|
|
Term
| Controls the many body functions that occur without voluntary control, such as digestion, dilation and contriction of blood vessels, sweating, and all other involuntary actions that are necessary for basic body function. |
|
Definition
| Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary) |
|
|
Term
| The brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and contains the 12 cranial nerves. May be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves. |
|
Definition
| Peripheal Nervous System (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| Nerve cells that contain axons and dendrites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two basic cell types does neural tissue contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extensions from neurons that send out electrochemical messages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extensions from neurons that receive electrochemical messages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supporting cells that provide a supporting skeleton for neural tissue, isolate and protect the cell membranes of neurons, regulate the composition of interstitial fluid, defend neural tissue from pathogens, and aid in the repair of injury. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually found between neurons and blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Covers specialized brain parts and form inner linings enclosing spaces inside the brain and spinal card. Secrete spinal fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found throughout the central nervous system, they phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found aligned along nerve fibers, they provide insulating layers of myelin around axons within the brain and spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Microglial Cells, and Oligodendrocytes. |
|
Definition
| Neuroglia classifications |
|
|
Term
| Narrow gaps between Schwann cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuroglial cells in the peripheral nervous system that form a myelin sheath around axons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surrounded by a myelin sheath manufactured by a form of nervous tissue called Schwann cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action potential electrical signals in the nerves propagate along the entire axon membrane, making speed of transmission slower. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How far are the intervals of the Nodes of Ranvier on Schwann cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bundles of myelinated nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carry nerve impulses from the peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord. Mostly unipolar but some are bipolar. May have receptor ends at the tips of the dendrites or receptor cells that are associated with the dendrites in the sensory organs or the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the brain and spinal cord, they are multipolar. Cell bodies form masses called nuclei, which are similar to ganglia. |
|
Definition
| Interneurons (Association or Internuncial Neuron) |
|
|
Term
| Carry impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors, they are multipolar. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory/Afferent Neurons, Interneurons, and Motor/Efferent Neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar Neurons |
|
Definition
| 3 Major Groups of Neurons |
|
|
Term
| Make up most of the neurons whose cell bodies lie within the brain or spinal cord. Have many processes that arise from the cell bodies, with one process being an axon and the rest being dendrites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exist in specialized parts of the eyes, nose, and ears. They have only two processes arising from their cell bodies. Only one process of each neuron is an axon, the rest are dendrites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Often aggregate in specialized ganglia located outside the brain and spinal cord. They have a single process extending from the cell body that divides into two branches that funcion more like a single axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gap between nerve cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At one end of a nerve. Portion of the presynaptic cell that contains and releases the neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Portion of the postsynaptic cell that contains receptor sites and receives the neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vessels that contain neurotransmitters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Groups of nerve cells that are bundled together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Groups of nerve fibers that are bundled together, which is tissue that connects the nervous system with body parts or organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Brainstem. |
|
Definition
| 3 Major Subdivions of the Brain |
|
|
Term
| The largest part of the brain and is sometimes called the "gray matter," makes up about 3/4 of the volume of the brain. Divided into left and right. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A deep ridge of nerve fibers that connects the hemispheres, seperated by a layer of dura mater. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located underneath the great mass of cerebral tissue and is sometimes called the "little brain." Major function is to coordinate the various activities of the body, particularly body movements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain appears to be sitting on this portion of the CNS as a plant sits on its stem. Most primitive part, lies deep within the cranium, and is best protected part of CNS. Controlling center for virtually all body functions that are absolutely necessary for life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located in the midbrain and responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal. |
|
Definition
| Reticular Activating System |
|
|
Term
| Level of consciousness, reticular activating system, muscle tone, and posture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory patterning and depth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extension of the brainstem. Contains nerve cell bodies, but the major portion is made up of nerve fibers that extend from the cells of the brain. Nerve fibers transmit information to and from the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What large hole at the base of the skull does the spinal cord exit through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Created by an opening through the vertebra, stacked one on another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The muscle responds promptly, withdrawing the limb from the irritatiing stimulus even before this information can be transmitted to the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occiptal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Frontal Lobe, Prefrontal Lobe, Limbic System, thalamus, and hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
| Subdivisions of the Brain |
|
|
Term
| Vision and storage of visual memories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sense of touch and texture; storage of those memories. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hearing, smell, and languag; storage of sound and odor memories. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Voluntary muscle control and storage of those memories. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Judgement and predicting conequences of actions, abstract intellectual functions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic emotions, basic reflexes (chewing, swallowing, etc.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emotions, temperature control, interface with endocrine system (hormone control). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relay center; filters important signals from routine signals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain to body parts; special peripheral nerves that connect directly to body parts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain to spinal cord to body part; receive stimulus from body, sends commands to body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A set of 3 tough membranes, dura mater arachnoid, an pia mater, that encloses the entire brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outermost of the 3 meninges that encloses the brain and it is the toughest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The middle membrane of the 3 meninges that encloses the brain and spinal cord. Blood vessels appear like a spider web. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The innermost of the 3 meninges that encloses the brain and spinal cord; it rest directly on the brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Manufactured in ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges. |
|
Definition
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
| Specialized hollow areas of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized capillaries within hollow areas in the ventricles of the brain that produce CSF. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Similar to plasma. Cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 portions of the Peripheal Nervous System? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of hemorrhge when there is trauma to the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 areas of the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling you to fight if you find yourself in a dangerous situation or to run away. |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
| Increases adrenaline to influence cardiovascular functions, norepinephrine to constrict peripheal blood vessels, and endorphins to increase pain tolerance. Shunting of blood from the skin and perihery to the vital organs, improved skeletal muscle strength and endurance, increasing the force and rate of the heartbeat, increased respirations, increased blood pressure, dialation of the pupils, and reduction of digestive system activity. |
|
Definition
| Response of the Sypathetic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
| Commonly referred to as the "feed and breed" functions. Generally slows down cardiovascular and respiratory functions. |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
| Slowing the heart and respiratory rates, lowering the blood pressure, constricting the pupils, and increasing digestive system activity. |
|
Definition
| Response of the Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carry information from the body to the CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carry information from the CNS to the muscles of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are the only cranial nerves that do not exit through the brain stem? |
|
Definition
| Olfactory and Optic Nerves |
|
|
Term
| The 12 pairs of nerves that arise from the base of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerves 1, 2, and 8 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerves 3, 4, 6, 11, and 12 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerves 5, 7, 9, and 10 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provides the sense of smell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provides the sense of vision. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs and upper lid. Carries parasympathetic nerve fibers that cause constriction of the pupils (sphincter muscle), and accommodation of the lens (ciliary muscle). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball, which allows a downward gaze. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplies sensation to the scalp, forehead, face, and lower jaw via 3 branches: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions. Provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication (Chewing), the throat, and the inner ear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplies the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball (lateral movement). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplies motor activity to all muscles of facial expression, the sense of taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and cutaneous sensation to the external ear, tongue, and palate. Carries parasympathetic stimulation to the salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and the glands of the nasal cavity and palate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passes through the internal auditory meatus and provides the sense of hearing and balance. |
|
Definition
| Vestibulocochlear Nerve (8) VIII |
|
|
Term
| Supples the motor fibers to the pharyngeal muscles. Provides taste sensation to the posterior portion of the tongue and carries parasympathetic fibers to the salivery glands (paratid gland) located on each side of the face. |
|
Definition
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve (9) IX |
|
|
Term
| Provides motor functions to the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx (voice). Carries sensory fibers from the inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, taste bud fibers from the posterior tongue, and parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provides motor innervation to the muscles of the soft palate and the pharynx and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Controls swallowing, speech, and head and shoulder movement. |
|
Definition
| Spinal Accessory Nerve (11) XI |
|
|
Term
| Provides motor function to the muscles of the tongue and throat. |
|
Definition
| Hypoglossal Nerve (12) XII |
|
|
Term
| Consists of 31 pairs of nerves arising bilaterally from between the vertebrae of the spine. Each pair is responsible for sending and receiving sensory and motor messages to and from the CNS from a portion of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The area of the body served by a given nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerves that exit the spinal cord and follow similar tracts through the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Responsible for sending information about localized fine touch, pressure, vibration, an proprioception to the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are commands issued by the CNS are carried out. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensations monitored throughout the body by receptors scattered throughout many different tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which receptor monitors for pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which receptor monitors for temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which receptor monitors the level of chemical found in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which receptor monitors for physical changes such as touch, pressure, and position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest organ of the human body and serves as the interface between the body and the outside world. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue, largely fat that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A watery substance that lubricates the openings of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most superficial layer of the skin and varies in thickness in different areas of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed and gradually rise to the surface. |
|
Definition
Germinal Layer or
Stratum basale/Stratum Germinativum |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take cells to get to the Stratum Corneal from the Germinal Layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outermost layer, contains dead cells and has no blood supply. Constantly rubbed away. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lies below the germinal layer of the skin. Contains sweat glands, sebaeous (oil) glands, nails, hair follicles, blood vessels, and specialized nerve endings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gland is located along the hair shaft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The small organs that produce hair. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 type of sweat glands? |
|
Definition
| Merocrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands |
|
|
Term
| How many merocrine sweat glands does the adult skin contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The predominant type of sweat glands, responding to body temperature, and are present at birth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sweat gland that becomes active at puberty, found mostly in armpit and groin, produce scent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sweat gland includes the ceruminous gland of the external ear (produces earwax) and the mammary glands (produces breatmilk)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces sebum, the oily material that seals the surface epidermal cells. Lies next to the hair follicle. Provides water proofing and keeps the skin soft so it does not crack. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To protect the body in the environment, to regulate body temperature, and to transmit information from the environment to the brain. |
|
Definition
| 3 Major Functions of Skin |
|
|
Term
| The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food and the absorbtion of resulting nutrients by the body's cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extents from the mouth to the anus. Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mucosa (mucous membrane), Submucosa, Muscular layer, and Serosa (serous layer) |
|
Definition
| 4 layers of the Alimentary Canal walls |
|
|
Term
| The Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
|
Definition
| Alimentary Canal Accessary Organs |
|
|
Term
| The second major body cavity; it contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which quadrant contains the liver, gallbladder and a portion of the colon and small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) |
|
|
Term
| Which quadrant contains the stomach, the spleen, and a portin of the colon and small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) |
|
|
Term
| This quadrant contains 2 portions of the large intestine: the cecum and the acsending colon. It also contains the appendix. Appendicitis is a the most frequent cause of tenderness and pain in this region. |
|
Definition
| Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) |
|
|
Term
| Which quadrant contains the descending and the sigmoid portions of the colon? |
|
Definition
| Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) |
|
|
Term
| A small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Behind the abdominal cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consist of the lips, cheek, gums, teeth, and tongue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is the bony plate lying anterior on the roof of the mouth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fold of mucous membrane and muscle that extends posteriorly from the hard palate into the throat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much saliva does the salivary glands produce daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately 98% water and other 2% is mucus, salts, and organic compounds. Serves as a binder for the chewed food that is being swallowed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A collapsible tube about 10" long that extends from the end of the pharynx to the stomach and lies just anterior to the spinal column in the chest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hollow organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, largely protected by the lower left ribs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximatley how much gastric juice does the stomach produce daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The name of the substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much pancreatic juice is secreted daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is insulin produce in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much bile is made by the liver each day to assist with the normal digestion of fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances the help regulate immune responses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ordinarily, approximately how much of the cardiac output of blood passes through the liver each minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how much bile does the gallbladder usually contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outpouching from the bile ducts that serves as a reservoir and concentrating organ for bile produced in the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major hollow organ of the abdomen. Produce enzymes and mucus to aid in digestion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 12" long, the part of the small intestine that receives food from the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long are the jejunum and ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another major hollow organ which consist of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. About 5' long, it encircles the outer border of the abdomen around the small bowel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how long is the large intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorb the final 5 to 10% of digested food and water from the intestine to form solid stool, which is stored in the rectum and passed out of the body through the anus. |
|
Definition
| Major function of the Colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tube 3 to 4" long that opens into the cecum (1st part of the large intestine) in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen that contains many bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lowermost end of the colon, is a large, hollow organ that is adapted to store quantities of feces until it is expelled. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 2" canal lined with skin at the terminal end of the rectum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Materials are crushed and broken into smaller fragments, making them easier to move through the digestive tract. Enzymes begin to attack the particles during chewing, as the teeth and tongue are used to tear and mash food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chemical breakdown of food into particles that are small enough to be absorbed by the digested epithelium. Simple molecules such as glucose are absorbed while others (polysccharides, proteins, triglycerides) must first be broken down before they can be absorbed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Release of water, acids, buffers, enzymes, and salts by the epithelium and gladular organs of the digestive tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The movement of organic substrates (molecules acted on by enzymes), electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the epithelium of the digestive tract, into the interstitial fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The removal of waste products from body fluids via secretions from the digestive tract and glandular organs; after mixing with residue that cannot be digested,these waste product become feces, which is eliminated during the process of defecation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In normal routine activity, without any food or fluid ingestion at all: How much fluid is secreted daily into the gastrointestinal tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the body weight is delivere as fluid daily to the gastrointestinal tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made up of various glands throughout the body. The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glands that secrete or release hormones, such as insulin, that are used inside the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Help regulate metabolism, controlling chemical reactions, transporting substances, regulating water and electrolyte balance, and aiding in reproduction, growth, and development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glands that secrete outside the body through ducts (tears) and include sweat glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus gland, and reproductive glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids made from arachidonic acid in cell membranes of the kidneys, heart, liver, lungs, pancreas, brain, reproductive organs, and thymus. They usually act more locally than hormones and are potent in small quantities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulate hormone secretions and influence sodium and water movements in the kidneys, helping to regulate blood pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules that bind to a cell's receptor and trigger a response by the cell; they produce some kind of action or biologic effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules that bind to a cell's receptor and block the action of agonists. Widely used as drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone, cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. Derived from cholesterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine. Derived from Amino Acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TRH). Derived from Carbohydrates and Proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin (OT), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Derived from Amino Acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth hormone (GH), parathyroid hormone (PTH), prolactin (PRL). Dervied from Amino Acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Often referred to as the "master gland" because its secretions control the secretions of other endocrine glands. Located at the base of the brain and is about the size of a grape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small region of the brain (not a gland) that regulates the function of the pituitary gland. Primary link between the endocrine system and the nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large endocrine gland that is located at the base of the neck and produce and excretes hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the clear substance that fills the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone secreted by the thyroid, though it is produced by extrafollicular cells rather than the follicular cells. Regulates concentrations of blood calcium and phosphate ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Embedded in the posterior portion of each lobe of the thyroid. Produce and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood and normal neuromuscular function. |
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Definition
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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Term
| Organ of both the endocrine and digestive systems. Endocrine gland releasing the hormone insulin and glucagon. Exocrine secretes digestive juices. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells located in the islet of Langerhans that secrete glucagon. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cells located in the islet of Langerhans that secrete insulin |
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Definition
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Term
| A process that stimulates both the liver and the kidneys to produce glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| The breakdown of glycogen to glucose. |
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Definition
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Term
| A metabolic disorder in which the ability to metabolize carbohydrates (sugar) is impaired due to lack of insulin or failure of the cells to use insulin properly. |
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Definition
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Term
| Abnormally high glucose level in the blood. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Abnormally low blood glucose level in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells in the pancreas that produce somatostatin. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Helps to regulate the endocrine system with a wide range of effects throughout the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Located on the top of each kidney. Manufacture and secrete certain sex hormones, as well as other hormones that are vital in maintaining the body's water and salt balance. Produce adrenaline. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormone produced by the adrenal glands that mediates the "fight-or-flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system; also called epinephrine. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which part of the adreal glandsproduce epinephrine and norepinephrine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A glucocorticoid of the middle adrenal cortex that influences protein and fat metabolism and stimulates glucose to be synthesized from noncarbohydrates. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the diseases of the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
| Cushing's Syndrome and Addison's Disease |
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Term
| Reproductive glands and consists of the ovaries in women and testes in men. |
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Definition
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Term
| The major androgen manufactured by the testes. Also is produced in small amounts in the adrenal glands and in the ovaries. Responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristic, such as deep voice and facial hair. |
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Definition
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Term
| Female glands that produce sex hormones and ova (eggs) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The male reproductive organs that produce sperm and secrete male hormones. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Functions in the menstrual cycle and in development of secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development in adolescence. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary, prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertiized egg. |
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Definition
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Term
| Known to help regulate the menstrual cycle in females and may play a role in regulating sperm production in the male. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of organ are the ureters, bladder, and urethra? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of organ is the kidney? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| (1) To control fluid balance in the body. (2) To filter and eliminate waste, and (3) To control pH balance. |
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Definition
| Functions of the Urinary System |
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|
Term
| How much of the heart output of blood passes through the kidney's each minute? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A cone-shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidneys. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The inner portion of each kidney; it is made of conical renal pyramids, and has striations. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer portion of each kidney; it forms renal columns and has tiny tubules associated with the nephrons. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Functional units of the kidney's. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplies the kidney's with blood and arises from the abdominal aorta. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone helps to control red blood cell production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the total cardiac output does the renal arteris carry into the kidneys, when the body is at rest? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The final branches of the interlobular arteries of the kidneys; they lead to the nephrons. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The vessel from the kidneys that joins the nferior vena cava. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nephrons are in a kidney? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The initial blood-filtering component of the nephron. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The portion of the nephron containing the tubular fluid filtered through the glomerulus. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A tangled cluster of blood capillaries that comprise a renal corpuscle. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A sac-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Resist blood flow slightly and back up into the glomeruli, increasing glomerular capillary pressure. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent arterioles branch into complex, interconnected capillery networks. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| It is made up of enlarged smooth muscle cells along with the macula densa. |
|
Definition
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus or Juxtaglomerular Complex |
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|
Term
| Initiates urine formation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many liters of fluid does glomerular filtration produce every 24 hours? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Moves substances from the tubular fluid into the blood, within the peritubular capillary. The kidney reclaims the correct amounts of water, electrolytes, and glucose as required by the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moves substances from the blood in the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The final product of tubular reabsorption and secretion; it is a clear, yellow-colored fluid that carries waste out of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mostly water, it has the same components of plasm except for large protein molecules; it is received by the glomerular capsule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually positive pressure, it forces substances out of the glomerulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A result of amino acid catabolism, and its plasma concentration reflects the amount of protein in the diet. Filter into the renal tubule, with most being reabsorbed while the remaining excreted in urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A result of metabolism of certain organic bases in nuclec acids. Active transport reaborbs most in the glomerular filtrate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of urea is reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much water is urine made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specific gravity of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much urine is produced in a day? |
|
Definition
| Between .6 and 2.5 Liters |
|
|
Term
| What is considered normal urine production per hour? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small muscular tubes that pass from the renal pelvis of each kidney along the surface of the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum to drain into the urinary bladder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A wave-like contraction of smooth muscle, occurs in the ureters to move the urine to the bladder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood circulates through the kidneys daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much urine does a healty adult form every day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The canal the conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the range of total water content of the average adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of maintaining homeostasis through equal intake and output of fluids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) |
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate pertcentage of total body weight that Intracellular Fluid makes up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) |
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate pertcentage of total body weight that Extracellular Fluid makes up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fluid portion of blood, is found within the blood vessels. |
|
Definition
| Intravascular Fluid (Plasma) |
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate pertcentage of total body weight that Intravascular Fluid makes up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located outside of the blood vessel, in the spaces between the body's cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate pertcentage of total body weight that Interstitial Fluid makes up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reproductive system in males and females. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that carry genetic instructions via 23 individual chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chromosome of the same numbered pair from the opposite parent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first fertilized cell, from which all other body cells are created. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that carry 2 of each of the 23 chromosomes-one from the father and one from the mother. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chromosomes that do not carry genes that determine sex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The X and Y chromosomes that determine sex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The arrangement of a person's genes and their characteristics is based on the combination of alleles, for one gene or many. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The appearance health condition, or other characteristics associated with a particular genotype. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Variant forms of a gene, which can be identical or slightly different in DNA sequence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process that relases energy from organic compounds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process that involves a series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions in which glucose is broken down to yield lactic acid or pyruvic acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of maintaining homeostasis of temperature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Requring the presence of air or free oxygen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Living in the absense of air or free oxygen. |
|
Definition
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