Term
| What is the leading cause of suicide? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? How many Cervical? Thoracic? Lumbar? Sacral? Coccygeal? |
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Definition
| there are 31 pairs: 8 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, and 1 Coccygeal |
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Term
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Definition
| convultions on the surface of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
A shallow furrow neighboring the gyri, separating the gyri
A fissure is a deeper crevice |
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Term
| Fissures and sulci divide each hemisphere into which portions? |
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe (all named after overlying protective bones of the cranium) |
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Term
| What is the function of the primary somatic motor cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the premotor cortex? |
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Definition
| initiation and coordination of complex movements |
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Term
| What is the function of the somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
| respond to sensations felt on the surface of the skin |
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Term
| What is the function of the visual cortex? |
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Definition
| detect visual images seen by the eye |
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Term
| What is the function of the auditory cortex? |
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Definition
| responsible for sounds detected by the ear |
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Term
| What are Wernicke's and Broca's area responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the frontal cortex responsible for? |
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Definition
| personality, planning, decision-making, differentiating b/t trivial and important sensory information |
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Term
| What is the Limbic cortex responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Thalamus responsible for? |
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Definition
| process and relay information from the sensory organs, such as the eyes and ears |
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Term
| What is the Hypothalamus responsible for? |
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Definition
| to control the secretion of hormones for growth, reproduction, metabolism, and temperature regulation |
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Term
| What is the brainstem responsible for? |
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Definition
| receive information from motor cortex and transmit it to the spinal cord, maintains body posture and body balance, transmits information to/from Cerebellum |
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Term
| What is the function of the Cerebellum? |
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Definition
| coordination and involuntary control of skeletal muscle |
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Term
| What is the Autonomic Nervous System responsible for? |
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Definition
| Areas w/i the brainstem control the breathing and heart rate, blood pressure and flow, digestive system secretion and movement, and other function in which changes occur automatically and are not typically under control |
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Term
| What is the function of the Periperal Nervous System? |
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Definition
Transmit sensory information to CNS and motor information away from the CNS.
Contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves connected to the brain, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves connected to the spinal cod. |
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Term
| The peripheral nervous system is divided into what two portions? |
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Definition
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Term
| ANS motor nerves are divided into what 2 divisions? |
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Definition
-sympathetic and parasympathetic
-together the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS control nearly all of the body's internal organs |
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Term
| What are the sympathetic nerves responsible for? |
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Definition
-They cause effector responses that generally prepare the body for stressful situations and help maintain homeostasis as the body responds to an acute stress.
-"fight or flight" |
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Term
| What are the parasympathetic nerves responsible for? |
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Definition
-They help maintain homeostasis on a daily routine basis, such as preparing the body for food consumption and digestion.
- "rest and digest" |
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Term
| Together the sympathetic and parasympathetic disions of the ANS control what? |
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Definition
| controls nearly all of the body's internal organs |
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Term
| The nervous system is composed of what two types of cells? What are their functions? |
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Definition
Neurons (nerve cells): transmit info rapidly from one cell to another
Neuroglia (glial cells): help maintain the environment surrounding neurons and aid in their ability to transmit info rapidly |
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Term
| Where are oligodendroglia located? What is their function? |
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Definition
-Located in the brain and spinal cord, CNS
-They wrap themselves around axons to form myelin: layers of lipid membrane, which insulate the axon to prevent the passage of ions through the axonal membrane. |
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Term
| What are nodes of Ranvier and what is their significance? |
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Definition
| They are located b/t the myelinated regions of the axon. The exposed axon membranes at these nodes contain a high concentration of voltage gated Na+ channels. Action potentials: electrical impulses are generated in these nodes and conducted along the length of myelinated axons. |
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Term
| Where are Schwann cells located? What is their function? |
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Definition
-Located in the PNS
-Similar role to oligodendroglia in forming myelin sheaths
-In contrast, one Schwann cell myelinates only an axon segment, b/t 2 nodes of Ranvier |
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Term
| What is special about the Schwann cell sheath? |
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Definition
| The 1:1 Schwann cell sheath has an intact basement membrane that allows the sheath to act as a regeneration tube for damaged nerve processes. |
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Term
| Where are Astroglia found? Where are they located? |
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Definition
-Found in areas containing predominantly nerve cell bodies, dendrites and synapses.
-Maintain healthy chemical environments for neuronal signaling. Control concentration of neurotransmitters |
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Term
| What are Microglia and what are their functions? |
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Definition
-found in the nervous system near blood cells
-In charge of surveillance and repair of injury, modulate inflammation, and they migrate through the brain. |
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Term
| Neurons can be divided into what four sections? |
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Definition
Soma: cell body of a neuron and its metabollic center
Dendrite: receive info from other nerve cells
Axon: extends from soma to make contact w/ other nerve cells, or effectors such as muscle fibers
Axon terminal: make contact w/ and transmit info to other nerve cells at juntions called synapses |
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Term
| What two ways can neurons be classified? |
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Definition
| by their structure (multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar) and function (sensory, motor, or inter neurons) |
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Term
| What ratio of glia:neurons is there in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| The human brain has how many neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| If all axons in the brain were lined up end-to-end, how long would they extend? |
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Definition
| to the moon and back (500K miles) |
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Term
| What is an example of an Excitory transmitter? |
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Definition
| Glutamate (depolarization) |
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Term
| What is an example of an Inhibitory transmitter? |
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Definition
| gamma-amino butryic acid (GABA; hyperpolarization) |
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Term
| What is the most abundant type of neuron |
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Definition
| Multipolar: has several short dendrites and one long axon. |
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Term
| What two proteins are responsible for the movement of microtubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is retrograde? What protein is associated with it? |
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Definition
| movement toward the soma or cell body, Dynein |
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Term
| What is anterograde? What protein is associated with it? |
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Definition
| away from the soma to the axon terminal, Kinesin |
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Term
| What cargo follows slow axonal transport (1-2mm/day)? |
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Definition
| enzymes (neurotransmitter synthesis) |
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Term
| What cargo follows fast axonal transport (400mm/day)? |
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Definition
| neurofilament subunites, organelles (mitochondria), and cargo vesicles (synaptic vesicle membranes and peptide NT's) |
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Term
| What are excitatory cells? What are some examles of them? |
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Definition
| Excitatory cells are capable of changing their membrane potential in response to stimuli for the purpose of cell-to-cell commnication, contraction, or to change their physiology. Neurons and muscle cells are excitable cells. |
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Term
| What is the average resting membrane potential in a nerve cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 major forces control the flow of ions across the cell membrane? |
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Definition
1. The chemical driving force (determined by an ion's chemical gradient across the membrane).
2. The electric potential driving force (i.e. the membrane potential; Vm=separation of charge across the membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of reducing the membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of returning to the resting membrane potential |
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Term
| What is hyperpolarization? |
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Definition
| Increased internal negativity |
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Term
| What is the absolute refractory period? |
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Definition
| After an action potential has been generated, a minimum amount of time is required before that area of the membrane becomes capable of responding in an idential manner to a second stimulus. During this time, the axon is unable to generate a second AP reguardless of the strength of the applied stimulus. |
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Term
| What two types of synapses are there? |
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Definition
| electrical synpases and chemical synapses |
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Term
| What type of synapse contains a junction between the axon of the pre-synaptic neuron and a dendrite of the-postsynaptic neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a neuromuscular junction? |
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Definition
| synapse between an axon and a skeletal muscle cell |
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Term
| What are End Plate Potentials? |
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Definition
| The depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. |
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Term
| What is the action of curare? |
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Definition
| It is a neurotransmitter antagonist that prevents ACh from binding |
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Term
| What is an Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP)? |
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Definition
| A depolarizing graded post-synaptic voltag change increases the probability that the post-synaptic neuron will generate an action potential. Involved in neuron-to-neuron synapses. |
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Term
| What is an Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)? |
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Definition
| A graded postsynaptic voltage change that results in a hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic membrane, making the neuron less excitable. In chemical synapsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ca2+ sensor that regulates vesicle fusion in the pre synaptic cleft. |
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Term
| What is acetylcholinesterase (AchE)? Where is it located? |
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Definition
| an enzyme that degrades ACh into acetate and choline. It is present on the post-synaptic membrane. The degradation of ACh into its inactive components results in the termination of the neurotransmitter action, thereby allowing the post-synaptic membrane potential to return toward resting level. Choline is taken up and reused by the pre-synaptic neuron to synthesize ACh. |
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Term
What is Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)?
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Definition
| The GABA receptor is ligand-gated Cl- channe, and its activation produces inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by increasing the influx of Cl- ions. This receptor is composed of 2 alphas, 1 gamma, 1 beta, and 1 delta. It causes IPSPs. |
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