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| Triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship. |
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| Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century. |
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| Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy. |
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| Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam. |
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| Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Isalmic conquests. |
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| Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeast Asia and other regions. |
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| Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph. |
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| Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected Khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206. |
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| (1498-1547) Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women. |
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| Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands. |
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