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| function of Golgi complex/apparatus |
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| Synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion; secretes lipids and glycoproteins |
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| function of nuclear envelope |
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| Supports nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm |
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| function of mitochondrion |
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| Release energy from food molecules and transform energy into usable ATP |
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| Digest foreign molecules and worn and damaged organelles |
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| Contains genetic code that determines which proteins (including enzymes) will be manufactured by the cell |
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| function of plasma (cell) membrane |
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| Gives form to cell and controls passage of materials into and out of cell |
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| function of microtubules and microfilaments |
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| Support cytoplasm and transport materials within the cytoplasm |
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| assists in protein synthesis |
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| function of cytoplasm (cytosol) |
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| Serves as matrix substance in which chemical reactions occur |
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| function of secretory vesicle |
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| 2 centrioles make a centromere, which helps to organize spindle fibers and distribute chromosomes during mitosis |
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| Produces ribosomal RNA for ribosomes |
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| contains the DNA and genetic information of the cell |
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| -metabolizes nonpolar compounds
-stores Ca2+ in striated muscle cells |
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| helps to organize spindle fibers and distribute chromosomes during mitosis |
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| Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful molecules and break down hydrogen peroxide |
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| Store and release various substances within the cytoplasm |
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| function of cilia and flagella |
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| Move particles along cell surface or move the cell |
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| structure of Plasma (cell) membrane |
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| Membrane composed of double layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded |
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| structure of Cytoplasm (cytosol) |
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| Fluid, jellylike substance between the plasma membrane and the nucleus in which organelles are suspended |
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| System of interconnected membrane-forming canals and tubules |
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| Granular particles composed of protein and RNA |
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| structure of Golgi complex |
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| Cluster of flattened membranous sacs |
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| structure of Mitochondria |
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| Membranous sacs with folded inner partitions |
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| Spherical membranous vesicles |
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| Nonmembranous mass of two rodlike centrioles |
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| structure of Microfilaments and microtubules |
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| structure of Cilia and flagella |
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| Minute cytoplasmic projections that extend from the cell surface |
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| structure of Nuclear envelope |
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| Double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus, composed of protein and lipid molecules |
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| Dense nonmembranous mass composed of protein and RNA molecules |
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| Fibrous strands composed of protein and DNA |
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| the 3 main parts of the cell |
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-Cell (or plasma) membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Nucleus |
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| 2 main components of the cytoplasm |
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| the major thermodynamic barrier to the movement of most ions and molecules through the membrane |
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| the interior core of the bilayer |
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| what percentage of the human body is water? |
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Definition
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| the intracellular and extracellular distribution of water in the human body |
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Definition
~67% intracellular
~33% extracellular |
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| the extracellular distribution of water in the human body |
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Definition
-20% as vascular fluid (blood plasma)
-80% as interstitial fluid (non-vascular “tissue fluid”) |
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| the watery component of vascular fluid |
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Definition
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| the watery component of interstitial fluid |
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| non-vascular "tissue fluid" |
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| amount of water that resides within human cells |
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| amount of water that resides within the human's extracellular matrix |
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Definition
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| amount of water that resides within human interstitial fluid |
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Definition
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| amount of water that resides within human blood plasma |
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Definition
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| depiction of how water is distributed inside humans |
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| major constituents of the extracellular envirunment |
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Definition
-water
-carbohydrates
-protein |
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| extracellular matrix (ECM) aka... |
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Definition
| extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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| some components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) |
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-Gel-like hydrated material
-“Ground substance”
-Protein fibers |
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| some components of the “Ground substance” in the extracellular matrix |
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-Glycoproteins (such as integrins)
-Proteoglycans |
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| some protein fibers in the extracellular matrix |
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| cross-linked fibers of collagen |
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| why the Gel-like hydrated material in the ECM/ECF is viscous |
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Definition
| because of biomolecules such as carbohydrates and proteins |
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Definition
| extracellular layer of Glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, and possibly other molecules, all of which being connected to the cell membrane |
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| molecules that can pass directly through a phospholipid bilayer bu simple diffusion |
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Definition
-molecular gases
-small uncharged polar molecules |
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| the primary means of movement of ions and molecules across a plasma membrane |
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Definition
| carrier mediated transport |
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| Biological systems exist within ______ solutions |
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Definition
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| the amount of solute relative to the amount of solution (or solvent) |
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| Concentration differences |
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| water is the solvent and the things dissolved in it are the solutes |
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| the solute equilibrating to equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane happens only if the solute is... |
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Definition
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| solutes that will not equilibrate to equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane |
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| charged solutes, such as cations and anions |
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| the 2 elements involved in simple diffusion across a cell membrane |
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Definition
-the diffusional driving force
-the selective permeability of that membrane |
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| The diffusional driving force vs. the concentration gradient |
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Definition
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| the selective permeability of a membrane determines,,, |
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Definition
| the degree to which (or whether) a substance will diffuse across a lipid bilayer |
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| the non-carrier-mediated, “downhill” movement of some molecules across a cell membrane |
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| the net diffusion of water (solvent) across a membrane, from regions of higher [water] to lower [water] |
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| In order for osmosis to occur... |
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Definition
-Membrane must be selectively permeable to water
-Concentration gradient for solute must exist across the membrane
-*Solute must be “osmotically active” (membrane nearly impermeable to solute) |
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| “osmotically active” solute |
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Definition
| when the membrane is nearly impermeable to the solute |
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| the force needed to counteract osmosis |
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| solute concentration vs. the osmotic pressure of the solution |
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which side is exerting osmotic pressure?
[image] |
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| right side (higher solute concentration) |
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| osmotic pressure is a ______ property |
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Definition
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Definition
| property that's not dependent on the identity of the solutes in the solution; all that matters is the total solute concentration |
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| amount of solute relative to the amount of solution (or solvent) |
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Definition
the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
1m soln = (1mol solute)/(1kg solvent) |
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Definition
the number of moles of solute per liter (L) of solution (soln)
1M soln = (1mol solute)/(1L soln) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the total molality of the solution = the sum of the molalities of all solutes present |
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Term
| some salts that may be in biological systems |
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Definition
| -NaCl
-KBr
-KCl
-CaCl2
-MgBr2 |
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Term
why does this happen?
[image] |
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Definition
| because the NaCl gets dissolved and each ion becomes a solute of its own; the 1 m NaCl becomes 1 m Na+ and 1 m Cl-, making it 2 m solute (2 Osm) |
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Definition
The osmotic pressure of a solution in comparison to the pressure of another solution
-this refers to the total concentration of solutes |
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Term
| water follows solute as long as... |
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Definition
| a total solute concentration gradient exists & the membrane is permeable to water |
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Definition
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Term
| carrier-mediated transport |
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Definition
| transport of proteins across the phospholipid bilayer by way of proteins in the bilayer |
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Term
| carrier proteins, or membrane transport proteins |
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Definition
| proteins in the membrane that help molecules cross the membrane |
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Term
| classes of membrane transport proteins by type of protein |
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Definition
-Pumps (a.k.a. ATPases)
-Carriers (a.k.a. transporters)
-Channels |
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Definition
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Definition
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| classes of membrane proteins by energy requirements |
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Definition
-Passive transport
-Active transport |
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| types of Passive transport proteins |
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Definition
-All channels
-Some carriers (uniporters) |
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| types of Active transport proteins |
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Definition
-All pumps
-Some carriers (symporters and antiporters) |
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| some characteristics shared by all classes of proteins |
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Definition
-Specificity
-Competition
-Saturation |
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| some ways membrane transport proteins are classified |
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Definition
-by type of protein
-by thermodynamic (energy) requirements |
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| some characteristics of ATP-powered pumps |
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Definition
-the largest, most clunky proteins that serve as membrane transport proteins
-typically comprised of several subunits
-they’re like a really large enzyme complex where the enzyme is going to hydrolyze ATP, and then that's going to drive the movement of a particular solute via the help of this particular transporter
-tend to be the slowest membrane transport proteins |
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| some characteristics of ion channels |
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Definition
-typically move things at the fastest rate
-cylindrical
-can open and close |
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Definition
| moves one solute across the membrane |
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Definition
| moves at least 2 solutes across the membrane in the same direction |
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Definition
| moves 2 solutes in opposite directions |
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| some subtypes of carriers |
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Definition
-uniporters
-symporters
-antiporters |
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Term
| the clunkiest membrane transport proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| the least clunky membrane transport proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| clunkiness of membrane transport protein vs. speed of transport |
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Definition
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Term
| the largest, most clunky proteins that serve as membrane transport proteins |
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Definition
|
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Term
| they’re like a really large enzyme complex where the enzyme is going to hydrolyze ATP, and then that's going to drive the movement of a particular solute via the help of this particular transporter |
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Definition
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Term
| tend to be the slowest membrane transport proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| typically move things at the fastest rate |
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Definition
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Term
| membrane transport proteins that are cylindrical |
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Definition
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Term
| membrane transport proteins that can open and close |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of passive transport |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| where solutes move energetically downhill (transporter does not do work) |
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Term
|
Definition
| where solutes move energetically uphill (transporter does work) |
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Term
| categories of active transport |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| membrane transport proteins that do primary active transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane transport proteins that do secondary active transport |
|
Definition
| some carriers (symporters and antiporters) |
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Term
| the enzymatic activity of ATP-powered pumps |
|
Definition
| on the cytosolic side, it converts ATP to ADP + Pi; that cleavage of that phosphate bond releases the energy needed to move the solute uphill |
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Term
| the type of gradient more relevant to uncharged solutes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of gradient more relevant to charged solutes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the energy comes from in primary active transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the energy comes from in secondary active transport |
|
Definition
| allowing one solute to move down its gradient so that the other can move against its gradient |
|
|
Term
| why transporters that use flow of a solute down its gradient to pump another solute against its concentration gradient are called SECONDARY ACTIVE transporters |
|
Definition
because they rely on gradients established by pumps (primary active transporters)
[image] |
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|
Term
| why can it be said that the secondary active transporter does work? |
|
Definition
| because it allows a solute to move against its gradient |
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Term
| the primary pump, or ATPase, that exists in all of our cells, across all different tissue types |
|
Definition
| the Na+/K+-ATPase, or “sodium pump” |
|
|
Term
| the role of the Na+/K+-ATPase, or “sodium pump” |
|
Definition
| creates & maintains the primary ionic gradients across the plasma membranes of our cells |
|
|
Term
| how the Na+/K+-ATPase, or “sodium pump” works |
|
Definition
| -it burns ATP to create & maintain the primary ionic gradients across the plasma membranes of our cells
-For each ATP burned, this pump moves 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell
[image] |
|
|
Term
| For each ATP burned, the Na+/K+-ATPase, or “sodium pump,” moves ______ Na+ ions out of the cell and ______ K+ ions into the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For each ATP burned, the Na+/K+-ATPase, or “sodium pump,” moves 3 ______ ions out of the cell and 2 ______ ions into the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of our ATP does the Na+/K+-ATPase, or “sodium pump” use? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| moves a net charge across the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| moves zero net charge across the membrane |
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Term
| an example of a pump that's electrogenic |
|
Definition
| the Na+/K+-ATPase, or “sodium pump” |
|
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Term
| Many secondary active transporters “couple” the uphill movement of ions or molecules to the downhill movement of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an example of a secondary active transporter that “couple” the uphill movement of ions or molecules to the downhill movement of Na+ or K+ |
|
Definition
the sodium/glucose cotransporter
[image] |
|
|
Term
| how the sodium/glucose cotransporter works |
|
Definition
| moves both Na+ and glucose into the cell by using the downhill movement of Na+ to move glucose uphill
[image] |
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Term
| an example of a uniporter |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how the Na+/K+-ATPase, the sodium/glucose cotransporter, and the glucose uniporter work together to drive the movement of glucose thru epithelial cells into the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the epithelial cell membrane that faces towards the lumen of an organ |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the epithelial cell membrane that faces towards the blood |
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Term
| the least diverse group of membrane transport proteins |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| some places where Ca pumps can be found |
|
Definition
-plasma membranes
-SR and ER membranes |
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Term
| the primary function of the Na pump |
|
Definition
| to maintain the gradients of Na and K |
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Term
| how pumps (primary active transporters) function |
|
Definition
| they are always moving solutes (ions) UPHILL, against their electrochemical gradients |
|
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Term
| how secondary active transporters (cotransporters & antiporters) function |
|
Definition
| they are always moving at least one solute UPHILL, against its electrochemical gradient, and at least one solute DOWNHILL |
|
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Term
| how uniporters and channels function |
|
Definition
| they are passive transporters – solutes are only able to move DOWNHILL |
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Term
| some ways molecules can move in and out of the cell |
|
Definition
-diffusion & osmosis
-carrier-mediated transport
-vesicular fusion |
|
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Term
| molecules that have to be transported in and out of the cell by vesicular fusion |
|
Definition
| those that are too large to enter or exit cells via carrier-mediated transport |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of transport by vesicular fusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of vesicular fusion transport that carries large cargo into the cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| type of vesicular fusion transport that carries large cargo out of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of gradients that exist across cell membranes |
|
Definition
-concentration gradient
-charge gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evidently unequal charge across a membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The potential difference or voltage that exists between the two sides of a plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what creates a membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| unequal charge distribution across a cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| A typical cell at rest has a resting membrane potential (Vr) of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the typical concentration gradients of Na, K, Cl, and Ca across the typical eukaryotic cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| what membrane potential specifically measures |
|
Definition
| the voltage of the inside of the cell relative to the outside of the cell, which is, by convention, 0 mV |
|
|
Term
| equilibrium potentials aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The value of the membrane potential (Vm) is dependent on... |
|
Definition
-All ionic concentration gradients across the membrane
-The permeabilities of all ions across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nernst equilibrium potential for K+ ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the voltage that the membrane would assume if it was only permeable to K+ ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nearly equal to each other |
|
|
Term
| Vr is nearly equal to VK due to... |
|
Definition
| the presence of “leaky” K+ channels that are always open |
|
|
Term
| in a cell at rest, most of the ionic activity through channels is taking place through... |
|
Definition
| open, what are called leaky K channels |
|
|
Term
| most of the permeability in the membrane of a cell at rest is to... |
|
Definition
| K+ thru leaky K+ channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes an electrochemical equilibrium state for a specific ion (X) |
|
|
Term
| The Nernst Equation represents... |
|
Definition
| a “balance point” between the two diffusional forces acting on ion X: (1) chemical & (2) electrical |
|
|
Term
| the two diffusional forces acting on ion X in the Nernst equation |
|
Definition
(1) chemical
(2) electrical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ex = (61 mV / z) log10 ([x]o / [x]i)
Ex = the Nernst potential for the ion in question
z = the charge of the valence of the ion
[x]o = concentration gradient of the ion outside the cell
[x]i = concentration gradient of the ion inside the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Nernst potential, which is the equilibrium potential (voltage) for ion X |
|
|
Term
| the Nernst potential (Ex) |
|
Definition
| the equilibrium potential (voltage) for ion X |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is no longer any net movement of ion X across the membrane; it's in dynamic equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| when there is no longer any net movement of ion X across the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the charge of the valence of the ion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration gradient of the ion outside the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration gradient of the ion inside the cell |
|
|
Term
| example of how to calculate the Nernst equilibrium potential for potassium (EK) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one reason the Ex is useful |
|
Definition
| it helps predict the direction the ion in question will go under certain cellular conditions by telling us the resting membrane potential that ion needs to be in dynamic equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| how the potential (mV) in a cell becomes more negative |
|
Definition
| K+ leaves the cell and leaves behind an unpaired electron |
|
|
Term
| 3 things you need to know to predict the movement of an ion across a membrane |
|
Definition
| -The existing membrane potential (Vm)
-The Nernst potential for ion x (Ex)
-The charge on ion x (positive or negative) |
|
|
Term
| Vr negative and Ex positive; which way will an anion move? |
|
Definition
| out of the cell, leaving behind unmatched cations |
|
|
Term
| Vr negative and Ex positive; which way will a cation move? |
|
Definition
| into the cell, leaving behind unpaired electrons or unmatched anions |
|
|
Term
| Nernst potential for an ion tells us the balance between... |
|
Definition
| the chemical driving force and the electrical driving force acting on that ion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells communicate with one another via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how cells signal to each other |
|
Definition
| they release chemicals into the ECF, which then get “sensed” by other cells |
|
|
Term
| types of signaling between cells |
|
Definition
-Local signaling
-Neurotransmission
-Endocrine signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Autocrine signaling
-Paracrine signaling |
|
|
Term
| Target cells respond to chemical signals via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cells that receive the information (signaling molecules) |
|
|
Term
| endocrine signaling aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what type of signaling is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what type of signaling is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
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what type of signaling is this?
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| channel-linked receptors aka... |
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| "ligand-gated ion channels" |
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| channel-linked receptors aka "ligand-gated ion channels" |
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| channel-linked receptors aka "ligand-gated ion channels" |
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Definition
a receptor that itself is a channel that can be opened or closed by binding to signaling molecules
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receptor that is an enzyme that the signaling molecule; there's binding on one side and enzymatic activity on the other end
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| G-protein-coupled receptors |
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| G-protein-coupled receptors |
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bind to certain chemical signals and change conformation, activating the G-protein, which which then causes downstream events within the target cell
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| types of cell-surface receptors |
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Definition
-channel-linked receptors aka "ligand-gated ion channels"
-enzyme-linked receptors
-G-protein-coupled receptors |
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Definition
receptors that are completely inside the cell and bind to signaling molecules that are hydrophobic enough to diffuse through the cell membrane
[image]
in this case, the receptor is a transcription factor |
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