Term
| Name three types of cartilage |
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Definition
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage |
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Term
| Name two types cartilage growth |
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Definition
- appositional growth
- interstitial growth |
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Term
| What is appositional growth? |
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Definition
| Cartilage growth from perichondirum |
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Term
| What is interstitial growth? |
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Definition
| Cartilage growth by chondrocytes |
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Term
| Name the functions of the Skeletal System |
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Definition
1. support
2. protection
3. movement
4. mineral storage
5. hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) |
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Term
| Name the two layers of perichondrium and their contents |
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Definition
1. fibrous layer
- collagen fibers
- fibroblast
2. cellular layer
- chondroblast (chondrogenic cells) |
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Term
| Name the characteristics of specialized cartilage tissue |
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Definition
- chondrocytes in lacunae
- solid ground substance & fibers
- avascular
- no nerves
- perichondrium
- water-resilient |
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Term
| Describe long bones and give examples |
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Definition
Description: bones longer than they are wide
Examples: humerus, phalanges, extremities |
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Term
| Describe short bones and give examples |
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Definition
Description: cube shaped
Examples: patella, carpal/tarsal bones |
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Term
| Describe flat bones and give examples |
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Definition
Description: two plates of compact bone encasing a thin layer of spongy bone (diploe)
Example: cranial bones, scapula, sternum, ribs |
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Term
| Describe irregular bones and give examples |
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Definition
Description: shapes that doesn't fit in the other categories
Example: vertebrae, coxal bones |
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Term
| What does spongy (aka cancellous) bone consist of? |
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Definition
- trabeculae
- red bone marrow |
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Term
| In compact bone, what does an osteon consist of? |
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Definition
- central canal
- lamellae
- osteocyte (in life located in the lacuna)
- canaliculi
- volkmann's canal |
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Term
| What is the chemical composition of bone? |
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Definition
Organic: cells, collagen fibers, ground substance
Inorganic: calcium phosphate, mineral salts |
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Term
| What is ossification (or osteogenisis)? |
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Definition
| Laying down new bone material by osteoblasts |
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Term
| In bone deposition, what's the function of osteoblasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| In bone reabsorption, what is the function of osteoclasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is intramembranous ossification? |
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Definition
Development of flat bones from messenchyme
(messenchyme cells become osteoblasts > osteoblasts form bone) |
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Term
| What is endochondral ossification? |
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Definition
| Hyaline cartilage (in epiphyseal plate) is replaced by bone |
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Term
| Describe the anatomy of the epiphyseal growth area |
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Definition
From top to bottom:
1. resting zone
2. proliferation zone
3. hypertrophic zone
4. calsification zone
5. ossification zone |
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Term
| What happens in the proliferation zone of the epiphyseal plate? |
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Definition
| Cartilage cells undergo mitosis |
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Term
| What happens in the hypertrophic zone of the epiphyseal plate? |
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Definition
| Older cartilage cells enlarge |
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Term
| What happens in the calcification zones of the epiphyseal plate? |
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Definition
| Matrix becomes calcified (hardened); cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating |
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Term
| What happens in the ossification zone of the epiphyseal plate? |
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Definition
| New bone formation is occurring |
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Term
| Postnatal growth of Endochondral "long" bones |
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Definition
| childhood and adolescence, the endochondral bone lengthen by growth of epiphyseal plate, but that plate begins to diminish and thus stops lengthening of the bone during adulthood |
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Term
| How does the growth hormone effect bones growth? |
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Definition
| the somatrophic hormone stimulates the growth of the epiphyseal plate |
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Term
| How does the thyroid hormone effect bone growth? |
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Definition
| It modulates the growth hormone and leads to a proportional skeleton |
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Term
| How does the sex hormone effect bone growth? |
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Definition
| It leads to the early closure of epiphyseal plate and stops growth |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of healing a fracture? |
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Definition
1. hematoma formation
2. fibocartilaginous callus formation
3. bony callus formation
4. bone remodeling |
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Term
| When healing a fracture, what happens in hematoma formation? |
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Definition
| blood is released and clots to form a hematoma |
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Term
| When healing a fracture, what happens in fibrocartiaginous callus formation? |
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Definition
| new blood vessels grow in clot and repair tissue called soft callus invade the clot to form DCT |
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Term
| When healing a fracture, what happens in bony callus formation? |
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Definition
| by endochondral ossification, trabeculae of new bone begin to form in the callus |
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Term
| When healing a fracture, what happens in bone remodeling? |
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Definition
| bony callus is remodeled and new bone is made like the original unbroken bone |
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Term
| What are the six most common types of fractures? |
|
Definition
1. comminuted
2. compression
3. spiral
4. epiphyseal
5. depressed
6. greenstick |
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Term
|
Definition
| low bone mass and deterioration of microscopic architecture of bony skeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
| bones are inadequately mineralized resulting in soft and weak bones |
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Term
|
Definition
vitamin D deficiency that results in softening and distortion
ex. bow legs |
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Term
|
Definition
| excessive rates of bone deposition and bone reabsoption, resulting in soft and weak bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| form of bone cancer, cancer cells deriving from osteoblast-like cells |
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