Term
| What was the climate like in the area that is now the Sahara Desert before 5000 BCE? |
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Definition
| a. Had savannahs and steppes |
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Term
| Was the most important element of the Nubian army |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the crops that were grown at Meroe? |
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Definition
| a. Sorghum, millet, barely, wheat |
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Term
| What products did Meroe export? What did they want to purchase? |
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Definition
a. Iron, weapons, hoes, utensils, cloth, ivory, ostrich feathers
b. Brought back olive oil and wine |
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Term
| How did Meroe pyramids differ from those in Egypt |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the three factors that led to Meroe’s decline? |
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Definition
a. Cut all forests which caused iron industry to fail
b. Nomads using camels came from desert in the east and raided the town
c. Ethiopians and inhabitants of Aksum had richer agricultural regions and took over trade routes |
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Term
| Askum’s develops what kind of monetary economy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What products did Aksum trade? |
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Definition
| Traded cattle, salt, iron to acquire gold from southern Africa |
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Term
| Why did Askum’s iron industry decline? |
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Definition
| b. Because wood become scarce just like in Meroe |
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Term
| What is Jenne-Jeno? Why was it important? |
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Definition
a. A village in savannahs of inland delta of Niger and middle Senegal Rivers
b. 5,000-13,000 inhabitants,
c. Because it suggests existence of trans-Saharan trade |
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Term
| In the West African rain forests why do we say that the rain forests are secondary? |
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Definition
a. Because rain forests grew back but never to their virgin state
b. Few tall trees and medium vegetation |
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Term
| After rowing yams for 2 or 3 years how long did the forest have to remain fallow? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Africans in the South believe that witch’s curses could be counteracted? |
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Definition
| a. Seek a diviner or healer who used trances, dreams, oracles, or charms to enter the spirit world and recognize the bewitchment, then stop it through witchcraft |
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Term
| What kinds of structures have archaeologists found at EL Miridor? At its height how many people lived in the city? |
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Definition
a. Hundreds of ceremonial and palatial structures, 216-foot pyramid, stelae, ball courts, sweat houses, commoner quarters (all Mayan stuff)
b. 100,000 people |
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Term
| Mayan kings made what kind of sacrifices to their gods? |
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Definition
a. Daily rituals of blood from ear lobes, tongues, dicks
b. Also captured enemy blood |
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Term
| What was the role of women in Mayan society? What were the roles of men? |
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Definition
a. Women- cooking, weaving, pottery making, growing garden vegetables and fruits, rear domestic animals
b. Men- Growing corn in fields, hunting and fishing
c. Both- making tools |
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Term
| What is a Glyph? From the class notes what happened to the books of the Maya when the Spanish discovered them? |
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Definition
a. Pictograms (one word images of the most essential features of what is to be depicted)
b. Also they were syllables (one two or three signs that stand for the combination of a consonant and a vowel)
c. They were burned because they thought they were lies of the devil |
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Term
| What are some of the reasons archaeologists feel the Mayans declined at the end of the classical period |
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Definition
a. Farmers became unwilling to produce and provide labor (revolts)
b. Frequent wars between kings negatively impacted ruling class and farmers
c. Ruling class/ farmers/ environmental interplay resulted in a crisis |
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Term
| What was the feathered serpent? |
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Definition
a. Quetzalcoatl he had a temple in Teotihuacan
b. Bridged the fertile earth and Venus, bringer of rain in summer |
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Term
| 16. Where was the city of Teotihuacán located? From the class notes what kinds of temples did the build |
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Definition
a. Located in a wide valley to the northeast of Lake Texcoco
b. Large, intricate, carefully planned, all walls the same angle |
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Term
| From the class notes what was the ball game played by the Toltecs and many other Native Americans. |
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Definition
a. It was on Road to Elderado lol
b. Using hips, each side tries to get a ball through the stone ring 18 feet off the ground
c. Natural rubber ball, 9 lbs, only bounce ball twice |
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Term
| In the Moche civilization what food did they produce? |
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Definition
| a. Corn, pulses, cotton, potatoes |
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Term
| What was the federated chiefdom of the Moche? Was it a strong centralized government structure? |
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Definition
b. City at the feet of the two pyramids with administrative offices and workshops along with lesser chieftain lineages ruling the more remote valleys
c. Loose federation of chiefdoms |
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Term
| How did the Nazca people get their water for drinking and irrigation? What were puquios? |
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Definition
a. They built Puquios
b. Extensive tunnel for irrigation- tapped underground water in the mountains and guided it onto the slopes of the valleys and into reservoirs- had manholes and shafts for cleaning and repair |
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Term
| What were the Nazca geoglyphs? |
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Definition
a. Large geometric and animal figures laid out in the dry highlands and on the valley slops of the chiefdoms
b. Kinda like crop circles |
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