Term
| Where does the spinal cord lay? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the brain located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the upward rostral continuation of the spinal cord into the brain (but has a more complex internal organization) |
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Term
| What 2 structures largely cover the brain stem & constitute the major part of the brain? |
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Definition
| cerebellum & cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres) |
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Term
| Where is the gray matter located in the spinal cord relative to the white matter? |
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Definition
| central region of gray matter surrounded by white matter |
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Term
| 2 subdivisions of gray matter neurons in the spinal cord |
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Definition
1. motor neurons
2. sensory neurons |
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Term
| Where do motor neurons in the spinal cord send their axons? |
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Definition
| out of the cord to reach muscles & glands |
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Term
| Where do sensory neurons in the spinal cord send their axons? |
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Definition
| to the brain to transmit information received from the sense organs of the body |
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Term
| spinal interneurons & propriospinal neurons |
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Definition
| ensure communication among neurons in the spinal cord |
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Term
| What is in the white matter of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| ascending tracts carrying signals to higher levels & descending tracts enabling the brain to control spinal cord neurons |
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Term
| Is the spinal cord segmented? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do spinal cord segments give rise to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how each spinal nerve connects with the cord; there is a dorsal & a ventral |
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Term
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Definition
| carry only sensory nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell bodies of sensory neurons of each dorsal root; appears as an ovoid enlargement of the dorsal root |
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Term
| 4 parts of the brain stem |
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Definition
1. medulla oblongata
2. pons
3. mesencephalon
4. diencephalon |
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Term
| How many cranial nerves emanate from the brain stem? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the first cranial nerve; serves the sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
| the second cranial nerve; transmits signals from the retina |
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Term
| oculomotor, trochlear, & abducens nerves |
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Definition
| the third, fourth, & sixth cranial nerves; control the movements of the eye ball |
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Term
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Definition
| the fifth cranial nerve; emanates from the pons & brings sensory signals from the face as well as motor signals to the masticatory muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| the seventh cranial nerve; innervates the mimic muscles of the face |
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Term
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Definition
| the eighth cranial nerve; carries signals from the vestibular apparatus & the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| the ninth cranial nerve; concerned mainly with sensation & movements of the pharynx, including taste impulses from the back of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| the tenth cranial nerve; participates in the innervation of the pharynx & in addition innervates the larynx & sends motor signals to the heart, the lungs, & most of the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
| the eleventh cranial nerve; innervates two muscles in the neck |
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Term
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Definition
| the twelfth cranial nerve; the motor nerve of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| where the cranial nerves arise (both sensory & motor) |
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Term
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Definition
| diffuse collections of neurons in between the cranial nerve nuclei |
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Term
| 5 functions of the reticular formation |
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Definition
1. circulation
2. respiration
3. sleep
4. wakefulness
5. eye movements |
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Term
| 2 things that make up the bulk of the diencephalon |
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Definition
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus |
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Term
| How can you visually identify the thalamus? |
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Definition
| it is a large, egg-shaped collection of nuclei in the center of the cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned mainly with the control of autonomic & endocrine functions that serve to maintain bodily homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| a folded sheet of gray matter covering the cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| interconnect neurons in many areas of the cerebral cortex that work together to perform specialized tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| a descending tract from the cerebral cortex that targets motor neurons in the spinal cord & brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of commissural fibers & enables cooperation between the two cerebral hemispheres & cognitive functions |
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Term
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Definition
| several large nuclei in the interior of the cerebral hemispheres; contributes to the control of movements |
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Term
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Definition
| the putamen & caudate nucleus; receives its main afferents from the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| 2 places that the striatum sends its efferents |
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Definition
1. globus pallidus
2. substantia nigra |
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Term
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Definition
| situated dorsal to the brain stem in the posterior cranial fossa; consists of a thin sheet of highly folded gray matter & a group of centrally located deep cerebellar nuclei; plays a decisive role in coordination of voluntary movements by acting on motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brain stem, & spinal cord |
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Term
| 2 parts of the cerebellum |
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Definition
1. vermis (narrow middle part)
2. hemispheres (the more bulky lateral parts) |
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Term
| 2 lobes of the cerebellum |
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Definition
1. anterior lobe
2. posterior lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| a wedge-shaped end at the upper margin of the second lumbar vertebra in the spinal cord |
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Term
| Does thickness of the spinal cord increase or decrease caudally? |
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Definition
| decreases (except for the cervical & lumbar enlargements) |
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Term
| anterior (ventral) median fissure |
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Definition
| a longitudinal furrow (fissure) in the midline along the anterior aspect of the cord |
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Term
| posterior (dorsal) median fissure |
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Definition
| a corresponding, but shallower, furrow in the midline compared to the anterior median fissure that is at the posterior aspect of the cord |
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Term
| anterior & posterior lateral sulci |
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Definition
| shallow, longitudinal sulci located anteriorly & posteriorly on each side of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Why is the color of the spinal cord whitish? |
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Definition
| the outer part consists of axons, many of which are myelinated |
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Term
| What is the consistency of the spinal cord like? |
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Definition
| soft & jellylike (like the rest of the CNS) |
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Term
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Definition
| axons mediating communication between the CNS & other parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| small bundles in which axons of the peripheral nerves leave & enter the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a thicker strand of several adjacent rootlets |
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Term
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Definition
| where the spinal ganglion lies; located where the dorsal & ventral roots unite |
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Term
| How many pairs of thoracic nerves do we have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of lumbar nerves do we have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of sacral nerves do we have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of cervical nerves do we have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of dorsal & ventral roots that run longitudinally below the conus in the vertebral canal |
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Term
| How is the white matter of the spinal cord divided? |
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Definition
| into funicles (columns) by drawing lines in the transverse plane from the sluci on the surface of the cord to the center |
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Term
| 3 divisions of white matter in each half of the spinal cord |
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Definition
1. a ventral (anterior) funicle
2. a lateral funicle
3. a dorsal (posterior) funicle (AKA dorsal column) |
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Term
| 3 main types of gray matter neurons in the spinal cord |
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Definition
1. neurons sending their axons out of the CNS
2. neurons sending their axons to higher levels of the CNS
3. neurons sending their axons to other parts of the spinal cord |
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Term
| somatic motor neurons (motoneurons) |
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Definition
| large, multipolar cell bodies that are located in the ventral horn proper of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of neurons that send their axons out of the spinal cord through the ventral root to supply smooth muscles & glands with motor signals |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that send their axons to a ganglion |
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Term
| intermediolateral cell column |
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Definition
| formed by the autonomic motor neurons in the thoracic & upper two lumbar segments of the spinal cord & belongs to the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| sensory (afferent) nerve fibers (AKA spinal ganglion cells) |
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Definition
| conduct impulses from the receptors & enter the spinal cord through the dorsal roots & ramify to form the terminals in the gray matter of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| where sensory neurons have their cell bodies in the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| the columns in the ventral horn & the slabs in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Where are laminae I-VI located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is lamina IX located? |
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Definition
| columns of motoneurons in the ventral horn |
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Term
| lamina II (substantia gelatinosa) |
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Definition
| control of signals from pain receptors; control how much a painful stimulus hurts |
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Term
| Where is lamina VII located? |
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Definition
| the transition between the dorsal & ventral horns & contains mostly interneurons |
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Term
| Where is lamina VII located? |
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Definition
| medially in the ventral horn; contains many neurons that send axons to the other side of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| divisions of each spinal nerve just outside the intervertebral foramen |
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Term
| What is the thickest rami? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the thinner branch of rami? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formed from the joining of some ventral rami to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| a small branch sent off by each spinal nerve to pass back through the intervertebral foramen to reenter the vertebral canal |
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Term
| 2 dilated parts of the cavity in the brain stem |
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Definition
1. the fourth ventricle (at the level of the medulla & the pons)
2. third ventricle (situated in the diencephalon) |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of fibers that cross the midline close to the lower end of the medulla on the transition to the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a large nucleus that forms the oval protrusion lateral to the pyramid; sends its efferents to the cerebellum |
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Term
| What are the 2 longitudinal protrusions at caudal levels on the dorsal side of the medulla oblongata? |
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Definition
| the gracile & cuneate tubercles |
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Term
| Where is the rhomboid fossa located? |
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Definition
| rostral to the upper end of the dorsal column nuclei; flattened, diamond-shaped; extends rostrally onto the posterior face of the pons |
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Term
| What can be found on the dorsal side of the mesencephalon? |
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Definition
| 4 small, rounded protrusions (2 on each side of the midline) |
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Term
| 2 things that make up the colliculi |
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Definition
| superior colliculus & inferior colliculus |
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Term
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Definition
| a narrow canal that interconnects the third & fourth ventricles; can be seen along the midline just ventral to the colliculi; looks like a small hole |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of gray matter that surrounds the aqueduct & coordinates behavioral responses to stressful events & influences pain perception |
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Term
| internal medullary lamina |
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Definition
| narrow bands of white matter that form a Y to subdivide the thalamus in the frontal section of the brain |
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Term
| 3 main parts of the thalamic gray matter |
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Definition
1. anterior nuclear group
2. medial nuclear group
3. lateral part/region made up of a dorsal & a ventral nuclear group |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous with the lateral part of the thalamus; makes up most of the posterior part of the thalamus |
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Term
| 2 nuclei partly covered by the pulvinar that are included in the posterior part of the thalamus |
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Definition
| lateral geniculate body & medial geniculate body |
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Term
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Definition
| where the optic nerves from the two eyes unite just underneath the diencephalon; there is a partial crossing of the optic nerve fibers here |
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Term
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Definition
| a shallow sulcus that marks the border between the thalamus & the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinct fiber bundle formed from the major efferent pathway of the mammillary body to the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| the region between the mammillary bodies & the infundibulum |
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Term
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Definition
1. posterior lobe (developed from the CNS)
2. anterior lobe (developed from the epithelium in the roof of the mouth) |
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Term
| Does each of the cerebral hemispheres contain a lateral ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a small opening through which the lateral ventricles are continuous with the third ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers interconnecting neurons in various parts of the cerebral cortex of one hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| the small gyri in the bottom of the lateral sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe & extends from the medial edge of the hemisphere laterally to the lateral sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| is of special significance for the execution of voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
| major receiving region for sensory impulses from the skin, the musculoskeletal system, & the viscera; located just posterior to the central sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| the main cortical region receiving information from the eyes; located in the occipital lobe around a deep sulcus (the calcarine sulcus) |
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Term
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Definition
| the cortical region receiving impulses from the cochlea in the inner ear; located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe |
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Term
| How does the olfactory cortex receive fibers? |
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Definition
| from the olfactory bulb through the olfactory tract |
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Term
| The hippocampus & adjoining cortical regions in the medial part of the temporal lobe are of particular interest with regard to _____ & _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is in layer 1 of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| cell poor & consists largely of dendrites from neurons with cell bodies in deeper layers & of axons with terminals making synapses on the dendrites |
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Term
| What is in layers 2 & 4 (AKA external & internal granular layer) of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is in layers 3 & 5 of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| cells that are larger than those in layers 2 & 4 are & cell bodies that tend to be pyramidal in shape (pyramidal cells) |
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Term
| What is in layer 6 of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| cell bodies that are smaller & more spindle-shaped than those in layer 5 are |
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Term
| What is the role of the interneurons in the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| to provide opportunity for cooperation between the various layers & between neurons in different parts of one layer |
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Term
| How many cortical areas exist in the cerebral cortex of each hemisphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest part of the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 parts of the caudate nucleus |
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Definition
1. caput (an anterior bulky part)
2. cauda (a progressively thinner part) |
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Term
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Definition
| a sheet of gray matter lateral to the putamen |
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Term
| inferior cerebellar peduncle (AKA restiform body) |
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Definition
| contains fibers that carry impulses from the spinal cord to the cerebellum |
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Term
| superior cerebellar peduncle (AKA brachium pontis) |
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Definition
| conveys information from the cerebral cortex |
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