Term
| Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems' signal transmission. |
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Definition
| In the nervous system, chemical messengers are released into the synaptic cleft, so the messengers travel (by diffusion) a very short distance. The endocrine system releases its chemical messengers into the bloodstream, so the hormones are transported long distances by the blood. |
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Term
| Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems' length of stimulation. |
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Definition
| The nervous system's chemical messengers activate a very rapid response (milliseconds), but the duration of that action is very brief (milliseconds). By contrast, the endocrine system releases chemical messengers that are slow to initiate a response (minutes to hours), but the chemicals' duration of action is long-lasting (minutes to days or longer). |
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Term
| Can each system (neural/endocrine) work together? If so, name an example. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which would elicit a quicker response: a neurotransmitter, or a hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do hormones reach target cells? |
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Definition
| The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream, which carries the chemical messengers to throughout the body where they eventually bind with receptors on their target cell or tissue. |
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Term
| What type of activities does the endocrine system regulate? |
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Definition
- Metabolism
- Water/Electrolyte balance
- Circulatory and digestive functions
- Induces changes to deal with stress
- Promotes growth/development |
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Term
| Can one gland secrete more than one hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do hormones reach target cells? |
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Definition
| They are secreted into and transported via the bloodstream to distant sites in the body. |
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Term
| For what reasons is the endocrine system considered to be complex? |
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Definition
- 1 gland can produce 1 or more hormones
- 1 hormone can be produced by 1 or more glands
- 1 hormone can have more than 1 target
- 1 hormone can have more than 1 effect
- 1 target cell can be influenced by more than 1 hormone
- The same chemical messenger can be either a neurotransmitter or a hormone (e.g. norepinephrine)
- Some organs have exclusively endocrine functions, whereas other organs (e.g., testis) have endocrine AND nonendocrine functions |
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Term
| Can one gland secrete more than one hormone? If so, name an example. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can more than one hormone bind to a target cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the rate of hormone secretion constant? |
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Definition
| No; the rate of hormone secretion can vary over time. |
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Term
| What must be present on a target cell in order for the cell to be responsive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a trophic hormone? |
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Definition
| (use definition in the book) |
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Term
| What factors influence hormone secretion? |
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Definition
- humoral (blood factors [concentrations, etc.])
- neural
- hormonal (trophic) stimuli |
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Term
| What factors influence whether a hormone is synthesized and released? |
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Definition
- humoral (blood factors [concentrations, etc.])
- neural
- hormonal (trophic) stimuli |
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Term
| Which three factors determine whether a target cell can become activated? |
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Definition
- Blood levels of the hormone (within set point?)
- Relative number of receptors on the target cell
- The affinity of receptors for the hormone |
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Term
| What are the differences among permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism of hormones? |
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Definition
Permissiveness is when two hormones are permissive; they're both capable of having their own action and doing their own job, without hindering the other.
Synergism is where the hormones enhance the other's action
Antagonism is where the hormones oppose the other's action (e.g., insulin lowers glucose to set point, whereas glucagon increases blood glucose |
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Term
| Can the nervous system alter normal endocrine controls? |
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Definition
| Yes; the nervous system can override normal endocrine controls. |
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Term
| Name the two hormones released from the pituitary gland. |
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Definition
- oxytocin
- vasopressin (antidiuretic) |
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Term
| What type of tissue is the neurohypophysis made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of hormones does the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of the pituitary gland) secrete? |
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Definition
- oxytocin
- vasopressin (antidiuretic) |
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Term
| What type of hormones will the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of the pituitary gland) synthesize? |
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Definition
| None; the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of the pituitary gland) does not synthesize any hormones. The hormones it secretes are synthesized in the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| What tissues will oxytocin stimulate? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the breasts and uterus. |
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Term
| Where is oxytocin synthesized? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| Where is oxytocin released from? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin is released from the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). |
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Term
| Name the six hormones released from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). |
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Definition
1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
3. Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
5. Growth Hormone (GH)
6. Prolactin (PRL) |
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Term
| Which structure controls the output of hormones from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which tissues will growth hormone (GH) have the greatest action upon? |
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Definition
| GH is anabolic to most cells, but it specifically targets skeletal muscle and bone. |
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Term
| What controls the release of prolactin (PRL)? |
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Definition
| The release of prolactin (PRL) is triggered by prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH), which is secreted by the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| What are the control mechanisms for the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)? |
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Definition
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
- blood levels of thyroxine |
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Term
| What is the action of thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotropin (TSH)? |
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Definition
| TSH stimulates the productioin and secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). |
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Term
| What gland will adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)? |
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Definition
| ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (in response to prolonged biological stress). |
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Term
| What is the controlling mechanism for the release of ACTH? |
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Definition
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) made in the hypothalamus
- blood cortisol levels
- other factors such as fever, hypoglycemia, and stressors |
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Term
| Which glands do gonadotropins (LH and FSH) regulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the thyroid hormone secretion regulated? |
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Definition
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus turns on Thyrotropin/Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) secretion from the adrenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
- Stimulates the release of thyroid hormones
- an increase in thyroid hormones cause negative feedback to decrease Thyrotropin/Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
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Term
| What is the function of calcitonin? |
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Definition
- inhibits calcium release from bone to lower blood calcium
- stimulates calcium uptake from the blood
-protects against hypercalcemia |
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Term
| What is the secretory product of the parathyroid glands? |
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Definition
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
| What is the function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)? |
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Definition
- increases calcium levels in the blood
- acts on bones, kidney, and intestines to increase blood calcium levels |
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Term
| What three organs will the parathyroid hormone (PTH) act upon in order to raise blood levels of calcium? |
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Definition
- bones
- kidneys
- intestines |
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Term
| What are the two distinct layers of the adrenal glands? |
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Definition
- adrenal medulla (nervous tissue)
- adrenal cortex (glandular tissue) |
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Term
| What type of products will the outer layer of the adrenal gland secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What products will the inner layer of the adrenal glands secrete? |
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| What type of hormone is produced in the zona glomerulosa? |
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Definition
| mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone) |
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Term
| What type of hormone is produced in the zona fasciculata? |
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Definition
| glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol) |
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Term
| What type of hormone is produced in the zona reticularis? |
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Definition
| gonadocorticoids (chiefly androgens) |
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Term
| What is the function of aldosterone (mineralcorticoids)? |
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Definition
-regulate sodium, potassium, and water excretion by the kidney
- reduces sodium excretion (and thus water)
- eliminates potassium
- stimulates kidney sodium reabsorption |
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Term
| What is the primary function of cortisol (glucocorticoids)? |
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Definition
Help resist stress by KEEPING BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS CONSTANT!!!
...also...
- maintain blood volume (which raises blood pressure)
- promote gluconeogenesis
- raises blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids |
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Term
| What happens when too much cortisol (glucocorticoids) is secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| Will the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) synthesize hormones? |
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Definition
| No; the hormones it secretes (oxytocin and vasopressin) are synthesized in the hypothalamus. |
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