Term
| What are the 4 types of large molecules essential for life? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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Term
| What are considered polymers or macromolecules? |
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Definition
| Carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| A polymer, long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by convalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| building block of a polymer |
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Term
| How do you make a polymer longer? |
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Definition
| you have to have an enzyme and remove the h2o molecule by dehydration reaction. |
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Term
| How would you break a polymer or shorten one? |
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Definition
| You would add the h2o molecule from a hydration reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| macromolecules, contain C,H, and O atoms which are polymers-polysaccharides and monomers-monosaccharides |
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Term
| What are monosaccharides? |
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Definition
| multiple of CH2O, conatain carbonyl group, aldose and ketoses |
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Term
| What is the difference between aldose and ketose? |
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Definition
| aldose has c=o in the beginning and ketose has c=o placed anywhere |
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Term
| 3 types of monosaccharides |
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Definition
| glucose, galactose, and fructose |
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Term
| how many carbon atoms in a carbon skeleton of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consisted of 2 monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds (glycosidic linkage) formed by a dehydration reaction |
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Term
| What are 3 disaccharides? |
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Definition
| lactose, maltose, and sucrose |
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Term
| What are polysaccharides? |
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Definition
| polymers of carbs, chain of monosaccharides |
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Term
| What are storage polysaccharides? |
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Definition
| chain of glucose molecules-amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin )somewhat branched) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a polymer, sequence of glucose molecules which is highly branched |
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Term
| What is a structural polysaccharide? |
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Definition
| the polysaccharides found to form the structure of an organism, cellulose and chitin |
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Term
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Definition
| a storage polysaccharide, a polymer of glucose that has a different glycocidic bond, different location of the covalent band and not branched, has a different location of OH or hydroxyl group |
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Term
| How does cellulose form chains? |
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Definition
| they form chains parallel to eachother to form fibers or hydrogen bonds to each row. |
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Term
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Definition
| large biological molecules, not a polymer contain CHO may contain NP. in general they are hydrophobic major source of energy |
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Term
| What are the3 types of lipids? |
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Definition
| fats, phospholipids, and steroids |
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Term
| What are fats or triglycerides? |
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Definition
| each molecule consists of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids. covalent bonded (ESTER BOND) |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrocarbon chain one end is attached to carboxyl (hydrophobic) |
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Term
| What is a Saturated fatty acid |
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Definition
| the molecule contains single cvalent bonds only (straight structure), solid at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
| contains one or more double covalent bonds (bent structure bends at cis double bond) liquid at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to fat molecule but has only 2 fatty acids attached |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon skeleton has 4 fused rings, in general the steroids are hydrophobic but slightly hydrophilic. All steroid molecules are derived from cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| macromolecule contains CHONP and sometimes S considered a polymer and monomer (amino acids) |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of amino acids chained together to form a protein molecule |
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Term
| What are the different functions of proteins? |
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Definition
| act as enzymes, defense proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, hormonal proteins, receptor proteins, contractile and motor proteins, and structural proteins |
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Term
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Definition
nonpolar side, hydrophobic
polar side, hydrophilic
electically charged side chains, hydrophilic |
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Term
| What is acidic in amino acis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is basic in amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a polypeptide bond? |
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Definition
| a covalent bond between 2 amino acids bonded by duhydration reaction |
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Term
| How would you create a peptide bond? |
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Definition
| formed between 2 adjacent amino acid, next to it and carboxyl group of one amino acid to the next |
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Term
| what 2 shapes are in amino acids structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary structure of DNA |
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Definition
| sequence of amino acid genetically inherited because of DNA |
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Term
| What is the secondary structure? |
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Definition
| hydrogen formed between amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another at different locations |
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Term
| What is a tertiary structure of DNA |
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Definition
| 3d shape of protein molecule by formation of hydrogen, ionic, or dysulfide bonds between R groups, Determines the function of protein |
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Term
| What is a quaternary structure? |
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Definition
| only if protein consists of more than 1 polypeptide, results from aggregation of theses polypeptide subunits. |
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Term
| What happens if protein loses shape? denaturation-changing pH or change to high temp |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| macromolecules or polymers, polynucleotides and mononucleotides |
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Term
| What is the structure of nucleotide |
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Definition
| nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group |
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Term
| What are the nitrogen bases |
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Definition
| cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA), thymine, and guanine |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the chromosome, double stranded nitrogen bases have to be inside the backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| single stranded, ribose and cannot have thymine |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of RNA |
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Definition
| Messenger, ribosome, and transfer RNA |
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