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| basic rights and freedoms that are guaranteed either explicitly identified in the Bill of Rights and the Constitution, or interpreted through the years by courts and lawmakers. |
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| Ex-slaves made citizens. "Due-process" clause applied to states. "equal protection" clause. reduction in congressional representation for states denying adult males the right to vote. southern rebels denied federal office. |
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| Clear and Present Danger Test |
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| Law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions |
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| Denies the government the rights, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property |
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| Equal Protection of The Law |
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| a standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government |
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| first amendment ban on laws "respecting an establishment of religion." |
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| Improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial |
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| Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition |
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| Worldly rather than spiritual or not specifically relating to religion or to a religious body |
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| the religious belief that humanity, life, the Earth, and the universe are the creation of a supernatural being. |
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| an error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial |
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| writing that falsely injures another person |
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| The action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation. |
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| a well-known or notable person |
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| censorship of publication |
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| Reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion |
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| a judge's order authorizing a search |
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| Supreme Court says the First Amendment applies to states. |
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| Court cases that apply Bill of Rights to states |
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| an act that conveys a political message |
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| What was Jefferson's reference regarding religion known as the "wall of separation principal"? |
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| prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures |
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| right when accused; "due-process" clause. The right to be indicted by a grand jury before being tried for a serious crime. |
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| Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act |
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| Evidence illegally gathered by the police may not be used in a criminal trial |
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| court describes ruling that police must give to arrested persons |
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