Term
| When you measure heat production by gauging and quantifying the energy production, this is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| When glucose and fat is metabolized it produces ____% ATP but the remaining rest is released as _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the limitations of Direct Calorimetry? |
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Definition
- Impractical and expensive
- Machines, body temperature can change water temperature |
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Term
| Between Direct and Indirect Calorimetry, what is more precise and accurate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does indirect calorimetry measure? |
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Definition
| Measures pulmonary respiratory gas exchange |
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Term
| indirect calorimetry is only accurate for what type of metabolism? |
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Definition
| steady state oxidative , were not accounting glycolosis or ATP-Pcr |
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Term
| volume of O2 consumed per minute is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| volume of O2 consumed per minute |
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Term
| Rate of O2 “consumption, where? |
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Definition
| oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, forming water in the process |
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Term
| Rate of CO2 production from WHERE? |
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Definition
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Term
| VCO2: volume of ________ per minute |
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Definition
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Term
| Between Glucose and Palmitic acid, which one would need more oxygen and why? |
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Definition
| Palmitic Acid because it has more carbons |
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Term
| Does having more carbon require needing more oxygen or less? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much carbon does glucose and palmitic acid have? |
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Definition
| Glucose has 6 and Palmitic Acid has 16 |
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Term
| Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is the ratio between rates of CO2 production and O2 usage during __________ respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Respiratory quotient and it's formula |
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Definition
| It is the measure of the ratio between rates of CO2 production and O2 usage during cellular respiration. The formula is VCO2/O2 |
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Term
| What is Respiratory Exchange Ratio? |
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Definition
| It is the estimate of the Respiratory Quotient from Pulmonary Respiration |
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Term
| What is the estimate of the RQ from pulmonary respiration? |
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Definition
| RER or Respiratory Exchange Ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| Works well for most part since little O2 reserve inside body. |
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Term
| If you had 16 CO2 and you had 23 O2, what would be the RQ(Respiratory Quotient) |
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Definition
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Term
| If you had 6 CO2 and 6O2, what would be the RQ(respiratory quotient)? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the RER was close to 1.0, we can say which substrate was being used? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the RER was close to 0.7, we can say which substrate was being used? |
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Definition
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Term
| RER can be used as an Estimate of RQ to estimate substrate usage, T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy usage per liter of oxygen varies with the type of fuel, T or F |
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Definition
| True for example (4.59 - 5.05kcal/L) |
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Term
| If a person had a RER of 1.0 and generates 5.0 kcal per oxygen L and we measure someone consuming 2L of 02 per min, we can assume they are using ____ of energy per min |
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Definition
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Term
| as RER increase its value, which substrate would be used more? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the crossover concept of fuel utilization, as exercise intensity increases, the total energy contribution comes from which substrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| To increase pace/intensity, what must one do? How do we use our muscles to do this? |
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Definition
| Recuruiting Motor Units . For example, if you were sprinting, or running, you would need to use more fast glycotic fibers and the opposite is true as we decrease the intensity |
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Term
| How does the body respond to the increasing stress of the above progression and how does this in turn influence substrate utilization |
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Definition
| releasing hormones such as norephinephrine, adrenal. |
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Term
| The Enzyme "Phosphorylase" stimulates which muscle fibers and what are the values? |
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Definition
| Type 2A(Fast Oxidative Glycotic) at 5.8 and Type 2x(Fast Glycotic) at 8.8 |
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Term
| Fast Glycotic systems are built for Glycolosis but has smaller _________ and needs to generate ______ fast when recruited |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Mithochondria, what are the values % of the total fiber volume of Type 2a and Type2B |
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Definition
| 3.1 for Type 2x and 3.6 for type 2a |
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Term
| During Brisk walking, which substrates are used(kcal/min) and what is the total kcal per minute? |
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Definition
| Brisk walking - 3kcal from fat and 2 from carbs, total of 5 kcal per min |
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Term
| During moderate jogging, which substrates are used(kcal/min) and what is the total kcal per minute? |
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Definition
| Moderate jogging, 3kcal from fat and 5 from carbs using 8 kcal per min total |
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Term
| During sprinting, which substrates are used(kcal/min) and what is the total kcal per minute? |
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Definition
| 2kcal from fat and 10kcal from carbs which is total of 12 kcal per minute |
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Term
| Comparing people who do low intensity vs high intensity who burn 300kcal total, who would need to metabolize more fat post exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| A major limitation of indirect calorimetry is that Metabolic CO2 does not equal what? |
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Definition
| The total co2 that the body is pexhaling, therefore inaccurate during cellular respiration |
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Term
| what is the buffering system for H protons? |
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Definition
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Term
| A major limitation of indirect calorimetry is that Metabolic CO2 does not equal to the total CO2 produced. Furthermore, the co2 is non metabolic that does not come from Krebs Cycle. T or F |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is RER inaccurate for protein oxidation? |
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Definition
| Because protein does not completely oxidize |
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Term
| Gluconeogenesis produces an RER of .70, why is this a limitation of indirect calorimetry? |
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Definition
| Because it will skew the RER |
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Term
| An indirect calorimetry does not underline the source of carbs or fat, in what sense? |
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Definition
| Because we don't know if the carbs are coming from glycogen or glucose. Also, we don't know if the fat is from FFA or triglycerides |
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Term
| What is BMR and how do exercise physiologist measure BMR? |
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Definition
| BMR is the minimum energy requirement for living and they measure after 8 hrs of sleep, 12 hrs of fasting and in a supine position. |
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Term
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Definition
| Body temp., age, stress, etc. |
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Term
| What is RMR and how does it relate to BMR? |
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Definition
| It is the resting metabolic rate and usually 5-10% of BMR. |
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Term
| Why is RMR easier as a measuring stick vs. BMR? |
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Definition
| Because RMR does not require stringent standardizations |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of energy the body uses |
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Term
| What is metabolic rate based on? |
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Definition
| Based on whole body O2 consumption and how much calories the corresponding caloric equivalent. |
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Term
| At rest, generally the body has an RER of how much? and how much vo2 |
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Definition
| about .80 rer and also vo2 is - .3L/min |
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Term
| At rest VO2 relative to body mass = ~ _____/kg/min and this value is called a MET (metabolic equivalent). |
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Definition
| 3.5ml; this is the standard number scientists use to compare |
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Term
| Energy Expenditure During Submaximal Aerobic Exercise. Does energy use and vo2 go up linearly or curvelinearly as work increases? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maximal oxygen consumption. Point at which O2 consumption doesn’t go up with further increase in work/intensity (it plateaus |
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|
Term
| what is the best predictor of aerobic fitness capacity but not the best for endurance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is VO2 max not a good measurement of endurance? |
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Definition
| Because the pace is not sustainable |
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Term
| what is the difference of the vo2 between a trained and untrained individual during exercise? |
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Definition
| The trained person can go much faster at a certain %. (For example, 80%) |
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Term
| Best NOT to compare VO2 without accounting for _____ of person |
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Definition
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Term
| Absolute VO2 is measured in what units? |
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Definition
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Term
| Larger people have larger or smaller values of VO2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What units is RELATIVE VO2 measured in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Abs. VO2 in mL/min divided by mass (kg). True o False |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the average vo2 max for an untrained man and women is? |
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Definition
untrained men is 44-50 ml/kg/min
untrained women is 38-42 ml/kg/min |
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Term
| Avg. Resting VO2 is ____ ml/kg/min and this is called a MET |
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Definition
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Term
| If the person had a VO2 max of 35 ml/kg/min and humans average MET is 3.5. How much Met max is that? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the metabolic ladder work? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are activities that are 100% anaerobic and 100% aerobic. True or false? |
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Definition
| False, no activity is 100% anaerobic or aerobic |
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Term
| What does it mean by O2 deficit? |
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Definition
| When aerobic exercise begins, the oxygen transport system (respi- ration and circulation) does not immediately supply the needed quantity of oxygen to the active muscles. |
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Term
| O2 “required” < O2 consumed |
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Definition
| due to orderly metabolic recruitment |
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Term
| O2 consumed > O2 demand in early recovery |
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Definition
Excess Post-exercise O2 Consumption (EPOC)
Replenishes ATP/PCr stores, converts lactate to glycogen, replenishes hemo/myoglobin, clears H+ and CO2 |
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Term
| What is lactate threshold? |
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Definition
| The point where blood lactate starts to accumulate |
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Term
What is this term called?
Blood lactate appearance rate > disappearance rate
Good indicator of potential for endurance events
Indirect indicator of potential metabolic acidosis since H+ are released and co-transported with Lactate
Usually expressed as percentage of own VO2max |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term called when H proton causes fatigue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood Lactate measures are a useful ______ measure since Lactate and H+ are co-transported out of _____ when Hydrolysis and Glycolysis rates are ____ and thus producing more H+. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is lactic acid and or lactate the cause of fatigue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactate Formation Facilitates continuation of Glycolysis since NAD is reformed in the process and Lactate allows for transport of H+ out of the cytosol. True or False |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the confusing terms of Lactate Threshold? |
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Definition
| Common terms, lactate infection point, maximal steady state (MLSS), onset of blood lactate accumulation OBLA |
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Term
| What is the difference between LT1 and LT2? |
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Definition
| LT2 is at a higher intensity compared to LT1, furthermore LT2 is what is typically used in the textbooks about how blood lactate has more appearance rate vs clearance rate. |
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Term
| Average untrained LT occurs at how many % VO2 max |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Trained endurance athlete occurs at % VO2 max |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why is lactate threshold performance better than vo2 max? |
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Definition
| because of its sustainable pace |
|
|
Term
| does LT2 test reflect highest blood lactate? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is Highest workload you can sustain & lactate levels remain constant (more importantly H+? |
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Definition
| Maximal Lactate Steady State |
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Term
| What is Maximal Steady State? |
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Definition
| It is the highest workload you can sustain but lactate levels remain constant |
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Term
| What happens if you start training above Max Lactate Threshold? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen ions will rise and also the production of lactate will be more than it can clear from muscle even if the pace was steady |
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Term
| The MLSS is roughly equal to ___K or a half marathon pace or a 20 to 40 k on a bike (20 to 60 min) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What component of force plays a significant role in Economy? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 4 components that make an endurance athlete successful? |
|
Definition
1) high vo2 max
2) high lactate threshold
3) high economy of effort
4) high percentage of muscle 1 fibers |
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