Term
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Definition
digestive problem in which gluten triggers and immune respond that damages the small intestine
-cant absorb nutrients properly, stunts growth and delays puberty |
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Definition
| growth after a period of malnutrition or illness reflects the bodys struggle to get back on the growth course it is genetically programmed to follow |
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Definition
| secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream |
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Definition
"master glad" located at the base of brain
-directly controlled by hypothalamus, triggers release of hormones from other endocrine glads by sending hormonal messages
-produces growth hormone |
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Definition
triggers the production of specialized hormones that directly regulate growth
-injecting it as an adult can lead to cardiac problems and insulin resistance |
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Definition
-key role in physical growth and development and in the development of the nervous system
-deficiency in pregnancy mothers can cause intellectual problems
-deficiency in infants can cause mental retardation and slow growth |
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| 2 things required for male development |
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Definition
-a gene on the y chromosome that triggers development of the testes
-the testes secrete testosterone |
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Definition
male hormones
-trigger growth spurts, sexual motivation, and development of male sex organs |
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Definition
-contribute to maturation of bones and muscles in both sexes
-leads to sexual attraction and helps determine sexual orientation
-summary of glands p 136 |
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Definition
begins prenatally but continues for many years after birth
-rapid myelination in certain parts of the brain "activate" that part of the brain allowing development such as speaking |
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Definition
brains responsiveness to the individuals experiences and can develop in a variety of ways
-greatest early in development |
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| critical period for brain development |
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Definition
| late prenatal period and early infancy |
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Term
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Definition
asymmetry and specialization of functions of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
-begins at birth
-genetic basis |
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Definition
controls right side of body
-is good at sequential processing needed for analytic reasoning and language processing
-"thinking" side |
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Term
| right cerebral hemisphere |
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Definition
controls left side of body
-is skilled at simultaneous processing of info needed for understanding spatial info and processing visual motor info and emotional content of info
-"emotional" side |
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Term
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Definition
how the two hemispheres communicate
-"super highway of neurons" |
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Term
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Definition
the process of generating new neurons across the lifespan
-recovering after brain trauma, birds can learn new songs, mice who are active are better at running certain mazes, |
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Term
| exercise and brain function |
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Definition
| -after three months of workout program adults had more blood volume in hypothalamus which is involved in learning and memory |
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Term
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Definition
associated w gradual and mild degeneration win the nervous system--some loss of neurons, and potentially harmful changes in the tissues surrounding and supporting the neurons such as myelin
-brain weight and volume decrease
-reduced blood flow to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| -greatest in areas of the brain that control sensory and motor activities than in association area involved in thought or brain stem and lower brain (involved in basic life functions such as breathing) |
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Term
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Definition
hard areas in the tissue surrounding neurons that may interfere w neuronal functioning
-abundant in people w alzheimers |
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Term
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Definition
greater integration of the left and right hemispheres which may help increase creativity and cognitive functioning
-plasticity and growth may make up for degeneration until people are in their late 70's-80's |
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Term
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Definition
| growth occurs in a head to tail direction |
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Term
| during first year what grows the fastest? |
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Definition
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Term
| during second year what grows the fastest? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
growing and developing muscles from the center outward
-seen by the formation of inner organs first |
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Term
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Definition
| development starts globally and undifferentiated and moves toward increasing differentiation and hierarchical integration |
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Term
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Definition
20 inches long and weight 7-7.5 pounds
-more related to prenatal environment than to genes |
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Term
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Definition
an inch per month and an ounce per day
-grow in fits and starts
-can cause irritability during growth spurts
-90-95% of babies times are growth free |
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Definition
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| predictor of childhood obesity |
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Definition
| infants whose overall weight gain outpaces gains in lengths |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing reflex, eye blink reflex, and sucking reflex (obtain food) |
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Term
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Definition
-no clear use
-remnants of evolutiionary history
-good reflexes early is not related to expression of later motor behaviors
-disappear during the early months of infancy
-lost as the higher centers of cerebral cortex develop and make voluntary motor behaviors possible |
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Term
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Definition
-newborns spend half of their sleep in REM sleep
-infants older than 6 months only spend 25-30% of sleep in REM |
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Term
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Definition
| average age of mastery for a skill |
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Term
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Definition
movement from one place to another
-fewer babies crawl before they walk today |
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Term
| early reflexes are controlled by |
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Definition
| the subcortical area of the brain |
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Term
| 1 step forward, two steps backward |
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Definition
| refers to infants needing to regress to crawling after they first walk before they feel comfortable walking all the time |
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Term
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Definition
| infants midway through first year use a rather clumsy clamplike graspby pressing the palm and the outer fingers together |
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Term
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Definition
| appears around 5 months to 1 year and involves only the thumb and the forefinger |
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Term
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Definition
| infants moved their bodies in repetitive ways |
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Term
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Definition
developments take place over time by self organizing process which the children use sensory feedback to modify their motor behavior
-how they learn to do things over time by practicing movements |
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| leading cause of death for infants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| defects that are present at birth, from genetic or prenatal events |
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Term
| second leading cause of death for infants |
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Definition
| low birth weight/premature birth |
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Term
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Definition
| -slow and steady, 2-3 inches and 5-6 pounds per year |
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Term
| health for hispanic and asian children |
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Definition
| health outcomes buffered by strong social networks that cut across educational and socioeconomic levels |
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| leading cause of death for children |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a marker of body fat calculated from a persons height and weight |
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Term
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Definition
| high in fat, sodium and low in fiber |
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Term
| recommended physical activity |
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Definition
| 60 minutes or more of moderate or vigorous activity |
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Term
| average child spends ___ amount of time watching tv or video |
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Definition
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Term
| for every 5 hrs of tv a kid watches everyday it increases chances of being obese by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
about 20% or more above the ideal weight for your height, age, and sex
-rates have tripled in the past 30 years |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes of biological change that result in an individuals attaining sexual maturity and becoming capable of producing a child |
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Term
| girls and boys peak rate of height age |
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Definition
| girls just under 12 boys 13.4 |
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Term
| age girls and boys peak rate of weight |
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Definition
| 12.5 years girls and 13.9 years for boys |
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Term
| girls finish growing at age |
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Definition
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Term
| boys finish growing around age |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| circulation of adrenal hormones which increase between ages of 6 and 8 contribute to secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics and sexual maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| five stages of sexual maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| the first menstruation between ages of 11 to 14 average 12 |
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Term
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Definition
| process of shedding the lining of a uterus prepared to support a fertilized egg |
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Term
| race and sexual development |
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Definition
| mexican american and african american girls develop faster than european american |
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Term
| weight at birth and time of first period |
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Definition
| the lighter at birth and more weight she gains during childhood , the earlier she menstruates |
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Term
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Definition
| prepubertal no pubic hair |
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Term
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Definition
boys: testes a bit larger, scrotum: red, penis is still childlike but erections common
girls: breasts small bud widened areola, scant amount of pubic hair for both
age: boys: 12.5-14.5
girls: 10-12 |
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Term
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Definition
boys: testes more enlargement, scortum more darkening, penis becomes thinker
girls: secondary mound of areola from body
pubic hair adult type on genitalia but not on thighs
age: boys 13.5-15.5
girls 12-14 |
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Term
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Definition
boys: testes larger, scrotum darker, penis increases in length
girls: larger and more elevated breasts
pubic hair: more curly, courser moving towards thighs
boys: ages 13-15
girls: ages 11-13 |
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Term
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Definition
boys: tests scrotum and penis all adult
girls: breasts adult shape and size
pubic hair all extends to inner thighs
age: boys 14-18
girls 14-18 |
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Term
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Definition
| marker of sexual maturation is boys first ejaculation: the emission of seminal fluid in a wet dream or while masturbating |
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Term
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Definition
historical trend in industrialized societies toward earlier maturation and greater body size
why? better nutrition, advances in medical care = more potential for growth |
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Term
| variations in maturation/menarche |
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Definition
| -have to do not just w weight but also skeletal develpoment particularly the maturation of the pelvic bones necessary for having a baby |
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Term
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Definition
can be promoted by a stressful family life or unrelated man figure in the home or fathers leaving
harsh mothering
-stress |
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Term
| constitutional growth delay |
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Definition
| being small for age and late entering puberty, but growing at a normal or near normal pace |
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Term
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Definition
-have not attained as much education when they are older
-become involved in risky behaviors
-more likely for long term anxiety and depression |
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Term
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Definition
| -later on seem more rigid and conforming than others |
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Term
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Definition
-girls more sedentary than boys during adolescence
-may be because of socialization
-girls report more environmental obstacles |
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Term
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Definition
| -higher blood pressure and weight putting them at risk for diabetes, heart disease, etc |
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Term
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Definition
high levels of sugar in the blood
-has increased in kids in the recent years |
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Term
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Definition
| when middle aged people gain weight but they feel they have no time for exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| -after age 60 begin to lose weight but that is more from loss in muscle and bone than fat |
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Term
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Definition
-slower arm movements
-the weaker the handgrip early in life, the more disability you will experience later
-variability in physical abilities among population increase |
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Term
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Definition
| organs ability to respond to demands for extraordinary output such as in emergencies |
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Term
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Definition
| white people are more likely to say they are in good health than colored people |
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Term
| estrogen and progesterone levels |
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Definition
| rise at midcycle around the time she ovulates and decline as she approaches her menstrual period |
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Term
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Definition
| calcium and vitamin d since low estrogen levels can contribute to poor absoprtion of these |
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Term
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Definition
the ending of a womans menstrual periods in midlife
-levels of estrogen and progesterone decline |
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Term
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Definition
average age 51
usual age range is from 45 to 54 |
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Term
| age for menopause depends on |
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Definition
| age of menarche and age mother was when she went through menopause |
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Term
| hormone replacement therapy |
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Definition
taking estrogen and progesterone to compensate for hormone loss at menopause
-in 2002 was shown to increase chances of breast cancer, heart attack, and stroke |
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Term
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Definition
-slower and not as dramatic form of menopause
-symptoms include low libido, fatigue, lack of energy, erection problems, memory problems and loss of pubic hair |
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Term
| age 80 and testosterone levels |
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Definition
| about 20-50% of testosterone as they had at age 20 |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease in which a serious loss of minerals leaves the bones fragile and easily fractured |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual deterioration of the cartilage that cushions the bones from rubbing against one another |
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