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the capacity to do work/move matter. Kinetic energy- energy in motion that is doing work, such as heat.
Potential energy- the capacity to do work as a result of position. Chemical energy- pot. energy of molecules. |
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Study of energy transformations that occur in matter.
1st law: energy can't be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred. Total amount of energy in our universe in constant.
2nd law: Energy conversions reduce the order in our universe. Energy changes are accompanied by increase in disorder/randomness/entropy |
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| requires net input of energy. Energy absorbed from surroundings so that products store more energy than reactants. like photosynthesis: energy low reactants combine with energy from sunlight to make food. |
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| Chemical reaction that releases energy. Reactants contain more energy than products. Wood burning. The energy released is equal to the pot. energy difference between reactants and products. |
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| exergonic. energy-releasing chemical breakdown of glucose and storage of energy in usable form. |
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using exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions (which require energy).
ATP is key to energy coupling. |
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| Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups. When phosphate bonds are broken by hydrolysis, ATP becomes ADP and energy is released. When P is transferred to molecules and they gain energy, it is called phosphorylation. ATP is formed from ADP by dehyd. synth. |
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| some substances cross easier than others and some can't cross at all. |
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hydrophilic, slightly polar phos. head
hydrophobic, nonpolar tails. Hydrophilic face outward so they are exposed to water and hydrophobic is shielded from water.
Hydrophobic substances can pass easily because lipids dissolve lipids, while poar can't pass easily/must be aided by proteins |
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| cells have diverse molecules imbedded in phospholipids,and those molecules can drift with ease about membrane. Cholesterol aids fluidity when in low temps, stablize layer at body temp. Proteins- transport, enzymes, receptors for chemical messages. Carbs attached to lipids and proteins (ie glycoproteins) act as ID tags, aiding sorting and reject foreign objects |
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| Movement of molecules, etc. from an area of high to low concentration down the concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached. Slow process, no energy is used. |
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| diffusion, facillitated diffusion; no energy is expended |
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| solute concentration is equal on both sides |
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| more solutes than in the other solution. In a hypertonic solution, solutes leave, making cells shriveled. Water moves from hypertonic to hypotonic. |
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| Substances that either wouldn't normally cross membrane or would cross too slowly are moved down the concentration gradient by trans proteins with no energy expended. |
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| susbstances move AGAINST cg aided by trans proteins, requires energy |
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| very LARGE molecules (like proteins) are exported from the cytoplasm. vesicles more to membrane,fuse with membrane, and substances are expelled. |
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LARGE particles are taken IN.
phagocytosis- "cell eating," food
pinocytosis- "cell drinking", liquid |
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