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| 1. Not all languages have a system of written communication. This is known as a |
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| 2. Ideally, a nation’s official language should be one that is understood by most, if not all, of the citizens. However, this is not the case. Some countries that were once British colonies designate English as an official language, even though few of their citizens can speak it. These nations were once |
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| part of the British Empire. |
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| 3. Three traits that best distinguish cultural values |
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| are language, religion, and ethnicity. |
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| 4. The contemporary distribution of languages around the globe results largely |
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| from past migration patterns. |
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| 8. English is classified as a Germanic Language. Modern English has evolved primarily from the language spoken by the _____________ when they migrated to England 1,500 years ago. |
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| the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons |
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| 9. English is different from German today primarily because England was conquered by the ______________ the Normans spoke French. They established it as England’s official language for the next 300 years. The Normans __________. |
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| Normans in 1066: spoke French. |
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| b. The dialect that eventually emerged as the standard language for writing and speech was the dialect spoken by upper class residents of London. |
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| 11. Geographers are interested in differences in dialects |
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| because they reflect distinctive features of the environment in which groups live. |
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| b. Due to its __________ ___________, English has an especially large number of dialects. |
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| 12. U.S. English differs from that of England in three significant ways: |
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| vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. |
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| the creator of the first American Dictionary, argued that creating an ________ ______ American dialect would reduce cultural dependence on England and inspire national pride. |
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| 15. Differences in pronunciation between British and U. S. English occurred because interaction between the two groups |
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| was largely confined to printed material, not oral speech. |
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| 17. Language differences tend to be greater in rural areas than in cities. This is due to the fact that farmers are relatively isolated |
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| from interaction with people from other dialect regions. |
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| .18. New England and Southern accents sound odd to the majority of Americans because standard pronunciation throughout the American West comes from the Middle Atlantic States. This pattern occurred because |
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| the Middle Atlantic States provided most of the western settlers. |
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| 1. A language family is a collection of languages related |
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| through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history. |
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| 2. An language branch is a collection of languages related through |
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| a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. |
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| ____________ is the world’s most extensively spoken language family. |
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| a. Four of theses branches, _________ __________ _________ __________ are spoken by large numbers of people. |
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| Indo-Iranian, Romance, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic |
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5. A language group is a collection of languages within a
__________________________________________ and display relatively few differences in Grammar and vocabulary |
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| branch that share a common origin in the relative recent past |
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| 8. The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers is |
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| 10. Most Indians speak ______; most of Pakistan’s people speak ____. |
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| 13. The major Indo- Iranian languages are |
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| Persian (Farsi), Pathan, and Kurdish. |
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| 16. Soviet officials forced native speakers of other languages to learn Russian |
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| Russian as a way of fostering cultural unity among the country’s people. |
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| 18. The most important western Slavic Language is |
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| Polish, followed by Czech and Slovak. |
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| 20. The four most widely used contemporary Romance Languages are |
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| Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian. |
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| is the fifth most important Romance Language. |
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| 22. Spanish and Portuguese have achieved worldwide importance because |
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| of the colonial activities of their European speakers. |
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| 24. Scholars disagree on where and when the first speakers of Proto-Indo-European lived and how their language was diffused. Colin Renfrew believes that it |
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| spread along with agricultural practices, not by military conquest. |
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| a. About ¾ of China’s people |
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| _________ the most spoken tongue of the Austro-Asiatic Language family is written with the Roman Alphabet. Their alphabet was devised by seventh century Roman Catholic missionaries. |
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| This great number of languages results from at least |
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| 5,000 years of minimal interaction among the thousands of cultural groups who inhabited the African continent. |
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| developed through the interaction between |
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| Swahili;African groups and Arab traders. |
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| is a rare case of an extinct language that has been revived. When Israel was established as independent nation in 1948, Hebrew became one of the new nation’s two official languages. Thousands of words had to be created for objects and inventions unknown in biblical times. |
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| 8. The survival of any language |
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| depends upon the military and political strength of its speakers. |
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| 10. Southern Belgians, known as Walloons speak _________;Belgians, known as Flemings, speak |
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| French; a dialect of Dutch called Flemish. |
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| is a example of an isolated language. It appears to be the only language currently spoken in Europe that survives from the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers. |
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