Term
| How are voiceless phonemes/speech sounds produced? |
|
Definition
| W/o the use of vocal folds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AKA voicing. the product of vibrating vocal folds. This occurs within the larynx. |
|
|
Term
| How many layers of tissue make up the vocal folds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the deepest layer of the VF tissue made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glottis/Rima glottidis (L.) |
|
Definition
| the space b/w the VFs. ("slit of the glottis") |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the area below the vocal folds |
|
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Term
| The VFs are located within the course of the airstream at the ________ end of the trachea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The larynx is a _____________ structure located at the superior (upper) end of the _______. |
|
Definition
| musculocartilaginous; trachea |
|
|
Term
What creates the power for speech sound production (phonation)?
|
|
Definition
| Expired air stream from the lungs |
|
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Term
| The vocal folds are contained inside the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air passes from the lungs to the ________ and then the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The vibrating source required for phonation
-Vibration occurs as the folds open (abduct) and close (adduct)
-smooth bands of muscle tissue
-lengthen and shorten |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of structures that create sound |
|
|
Term
| The Larynx (laryngeal sys) |
|
Definition
-Comprised of the cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis cartilages, as well as the paired arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.
-Composed entirely of cartilage; no bone |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 unpaired midline cartilages of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis cartilages |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 paired midline cartilages of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform |
|
|
Term
| What is the larynx located between? |
|
Definition
| The hyoid bone (superior) and the trachea (inferior) |
|
|
Term
| What is the larynx's vertical position in regards to the neck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical size of larynx for males and females? |
|
Definition
| Males: 44mm; Females: 36mm |
|
|
Term
| Where is the larynx located on infants? |
|
Definition
| At C2; lowers to C6 with growth |
|
|
Term
| How far can larynx move with flexion and extension of the neck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the larynx protect the respiratory tract from? |
|
Definition
| entry of foreign material |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the larynx when you swallow? (biologic function of larynx) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the larynx prevent? (biologic function of larynx) |
|
Definition
| Air from leaving the lungs |
|
|
Term
| How does the larynx act as a protective valve? (biologic function of larynx) |
|
Definition
| expels foreign material by coughing or clearing the throat |
|
|
Term
| The larynx is the upper part of which system? (biologic function of larynx) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main non-biologic function of the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Space between the vocal folds |
|
|
Term
| What are laryngeal cartilages bound by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are laryngeal cartilages lined with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the larynx sit right on top of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of tissue is the deepest layer of tissue that comprises the VFs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-COMPLETE RING
-Out of all the laryngeal crtilages, it is the most inferior
-Looks like a signet ring with looked at from the side (back arches up higher than the front)
-Higher and wider in the back
-Viewed by some as an expanded tracheal cartilage
-Supports the larynx |
|
|
Term
| Where do the cricoid and thyroid cartilages articulate? (articulation = the point of union between 2 structures) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the cricothyroid joint |
|
Definition
| diarthrodial, pivots, rotates; can rock backward and forward at the joint. It allws the thyroid and cricoid cartilages to come closer together in front. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main parts of the cricoid cartilage? |
|
Definition
-Anterior cricoid arch
-Poterior quadrate lamina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vocal folds pass over this |
|
|
Term
| Posterior quadrate lamina |
|
Definition
| where the arytenoids attach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the largest of the laryngeal cartilages
-Shield-like
-2 plates/laminae
-Fused midline
-Form front and side walls of larynx
-Prominent thyroid notch (Adam's apple, angle, thyroid prominence) that is V-shaped.
-Posterior part has superior and inferior horns (cornu) |
|
|
Term
| The thyroid cartilage is superiorly attached to which bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THe thyroid cartilage is inferiorly attached to what cartilage? What is it attached by? |
|
Definition
| cricoid; facets on tip of cornu |
|
|
Term
| 1/3 have a foramen in posterior quadrant for _______ ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Leaf-like, elastic, flexible
-Attaches to thyroid cartilage just below the notch
-Sides attach to arytenoid cartilages |
|
|
Term
| How many attachments does the epiglottis have to the thyroid cartilage? |
|
Definition
Three:
-Thyroepiglottic ligament
-Hyoepiglottic ligament
-Glossoepiglottic ligament |
|
|
Term
| Thyroepiglottic ligament (epiglottic attachment) |
|
Definition
| Means by which the epiglottis attaches to thyroid cartilage just below the notch. This ligament attaches to the inner thyroid cartilage. |
|
|
Term
| Hyoepiglottic ligament (epiglottic attachment) |
|
Definition
| Means by which the epiglottis attaches to the thyroid cartilage just below the notch. Attaches the epiglottis to the corpus hyoid. |
|
|
Term
| Glossoepiglottic ligament (epiglottic attachment) |
|
Definition
| Means by which the epiglottis attaches to the tongue. The ligament attaches to the root/base of tongue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pits/valleys formed by the overlay of the mucous membrane on the glossoepiglottic ligament b/w the tongue and the epiglottis. On either side of the [ligament] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The function of the epiglottis is to PROTECT THE AIRWAY during swallowing
-It lowers and covers the laryngeal opening (aditus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AKA laryngeal opening. Epiglottis covers this during swallowing. |
|
|
Term
| Is the epiglottis usually raised or lowered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What seaparates the epiglottis from the hyoid and thyroid? How? |
|
Definition
| Fat pads; they go from the hyoid to thyroid notch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Paired
-Pyramid-shaped
-Perched on top of the high-backed upper surface of the cricoid cartilage
-Forms the posterior point of attachment for the VFs.
-Base, apex, and 3 surfaces
-Has two processes (vocal and muscular)
-Has 2 pits (fovea) for muscle attachments
-Ladle-like |
|
|
Term
| Which are among the most important cartilages of the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are the paired arytenoids among the most important cartilages of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| They provide the mechanical structure that permits onset and offset of voicing |
|
|
Term
| Describe the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage |
|
Definition
-anterior angle near the base with a pointed projection where vocal ligament attaches
-Vocal ligament is part of VFs. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage |
|
Definition
| Laryngeal muscles attach here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Paired
-Small conical structures atop arytenoid
-May be vestigial--minimal function like the appendix
-Project posteriorly to form the peak of the "pyramid" (arytenoid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Tiny cartilages (2)
-Embedded within the aryepiglottic (vocal) folds
-Vestigial
-Seen as a small bulge in the mucous membranes
-Function: support the aryepiglottic folds and stiffen them to keep larynx open and stable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Open in the back; small and U-shaped
-Three parts (body, greater cornu, lesser cornu)
-Highly mobile
-ONLY bone NOT ATTACHED to another bone |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 parts of the hyoid bone? |
|
Definition
-Body (corpus)
-Greater cornu (horn)
-Lesser cornu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loose articulation w/ the superior horn of thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small cone-shaped, directed upward from body of hyoid |
|
|
Term
| Which skeleton is the hyoid bone part of?. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the hyoid bone provide for the larynx during phonation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the hyoid support the larynx? |
|
Definition
| By supporting the base of tongue and floor muscles of mouth |
|
|
Term
| The hyoid bone suspends the larynx by what kind of muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hyoid bone is considered part of this mechanism even though it is separated from it: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main groups of laryngeal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic muscles of larynx |
|
Definition
-Both origin and insertion is ON THE LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES
-Confined to larynx
-Always act in PAIRS and contract TOGETHER (except one!--transverse arytenoid)
-Main function is VOICE PRODUCTION
-FINE ADJUSTMENTS of vocal mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic muscles of larynx |
|
Definition
-ONE attachment is OUTSIDE of larynx
-Function is to SUPPORT and FIX the position of the larynx (so it doesn't flop around)
-Major adjustments to ELEVATE or LOWER larynx |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 functions of paired intrinsic laryngeal muscles? |
|
Definition
1. Adduction
2. Abduction
3. Tension
4. Relaxation |
|
|
Term
| Adduction (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function) |
|
Definition
| Approximate (close) VFs for PHONATION and AIRWAY PROTECTION |
|
|
Term
| Abduction (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function) |
|
Definition
| Separate or open ARYTENOIDS and VFs for RESPIRATION (breathing) |
|
|
Term
| Tension (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relaxation (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 actions/adjustments of the VFs that bring them midline? |
|
Definition
1. medial compression
2. longitudinal tension |
|
|
Term
| Medial compression (intrinsic laryngeal muscles) |
|
Definition
| Force bringing VFs to midline (an additional force from those muscles that bring them together midline) |
|
|
Term
| Longitudinal tension (intrinsic laryngeal muscles) |
|
Definition
Degree of stretching force to bring VFs midline (you can stretch further than how far "tension" allows)
-makes the human voice versatile |
|
|
Term
| Name the intrinsic ADDUCTOR muscles of the larynx: |
|
Definition
-Lateral Cricoarytenoid
-Transverse Arytenoid
-Oblique Arytenoid |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Cricoarytenoid (intrinsic adductor muscle of larynx) |
|
Definition
-Origin: cricoid and MUSCULAR process of arytenoid
-Course: up and back to INSERT into the muscular process of arytenoid
-Causes muscular process to move FORWARD and MEDIAL
-MUSCULAR PROCESS is drawn FORWARD; ROCKS INWARD and DOWNWARD
-Major adduction motion is created by this movement |
|
|
Term
| What movement of the lateral cricoarytenoid causes major ADDUCTION motion? |
|
Definition
| The muscular process being drawn forward, rocking in and downward. |
|
|
Term
| Transverse Arytenoid (intrinsic adductor muscle of larynx) |
|
Definition
-UNPAIRED
-Courses from one arytenoid to the other
-Is a band
-AKA transverse interarytenoid
-HORIZONTAL
-Course: from the lateral margin of the posterior surface of one arytenoid cartilage to the other
-Function: to pull arytenoids CLOSER and is therefore a component of MEDIAL COMPRESSION |
|
|
Term
| Which adductor muscles of the larynx are a component of MEDIAL COMPRESSION? |
|
Definition
| The transverse and oblique arytenoids because their function is to pull the arytenoids closer |
|
|
Term
| What is the one UNPAIRED intrinsic muscle of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| The transverse arytenoid, which is an adductor muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Oblique Arytenoid (adductor muscle of larynx) |
|
Definition
-PAIRED
-SUPERFICIAL to transverse arytenoid
-Similar function as transverse
-Origin: POSTERIOR BASE of MUSCULAR PROCESS
-Course: Oblique up to apex of OPPOSITE ARYTENOID
-'X' appearance
-Function: Pulls apex MEDIAL for adduction; rocking DOWN and INWARD; part of MEDIAL COMPRESSION |
|
|
Term
| Name the intrinsic ABDUCTOR muscles of the larynx: |
|
Definition
| -Posterior Cricoarytenoid (there is only one intrinsic abductor muscle!) |
|
|
Term
| How many intrinsic abductor muscles are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the ONLY intrinsic abductor muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior Cricoarytenoid (intrinsic abductor muscle of larynx) |
|
Definition
-The only abductor muscle
-Broad and fan-shaped; in POSTERIOR LARYNX
-Origin: posterior depression of CRICOID LAMINA
-Insertion: posterior part of MUSCULAR PROCESS of ARYTENOID
-Acts as ANTAGONIST (opposes the contraction of another muscle--the agonist) to lateral cricoarytenoid
-Contraction pulls muscular process back and rocks the arytenoid out on its axis to abduct the VFs |
|
|
Term
| Name the intrinsic glottal TENSORS of the larynx: |
|
Definition
-Cricothyroid
-Thyrovocalis |
|
|
Term
| Cricothyroid (intrinsic glottal tensor of larynx) |
|
Definition
-Fan-shaped; broader above
-Acts with THYROARYTENOID cartilage to TENSE or ELONGATE VF; rocks
-Inserts into thyroid cartilage by means of 2 parts (the cricothyroid muscle is composed of two heads):
*pars oblique and pars recta
-Increased distance b/w thyroid and arytenoids to elongate VF = increased tension for pitch changes |
|
|
Term
| Describe pars oblique (one head of the cricothyroid cartilage that inserts into the thyroid cartilage) |
|
Definition
-Arises from the cricoid cartilage lateral to the pars recta, coursing obliquely up to insert into the point of juncture between the thyroid laminae and inferior horns
-Upward and backward to insert on inferior horn of thyroid |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pars recta (one head of the cricothyroid cartilage that inserts into the thyroid cartilage) |
|
Definition
-The medial-most component of the cricothyroid muscle, originating on the ANTERIOR surface of the cricoid cartilage immediately BENEATH the ARCH
-Upper anterior fibers course UP and OUT to insert into the lower surface of the thyroid lamina |
|
|
Term
| Thyrovocalis (intrinsic glottal tensor of larynx) |
|
Definition
-AKA medial thyroarytenoid muscle
-Two separate muscles that compose the main mass of the VF
*Vocalis/Thyrovocalis
*Thyromuscularis
-Antagonist of CRICOTHYROID b/c it draws thyroid and cricoid APART ANTERIORLY |
|
|
Term
| What are the two separate muscles that make up the thyrovocalis/medial thyroarytenoid? |
|
Definition
-Vocalis/Thyrovocalis
-Thyromuscularis |
|
|
Term
| Vocalis/Thyrovocalis (one of two muscles that make up the thyrovocalis/medial thyroarytenoid) |
|
Definition
-Medial (superior) fibers
-From angle of thyroid cartilage, backward to VOCAL process of arytenoid |
|
|
Term
| Thyromuscularis (one of two muscles that make up the thyrovocalis/medial thyroarytenoid) |
|
Definition
-Lateral (inferior) fibers
-From angle of thyroid cartilage coursing parallel to arytenoid cartilage base
-RELAXER |
|
|
Term
| Name the relaxers of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles: |
|
Definition
| -Thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid) |
|
|
Term
| What does the thyromuscularis do? (relaxer of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the thyromuscularis pair with in order to make the thyroarytenoid muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyromuscularis (relaxer of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles) |
|
Definition
-Inferior fibers
-Muscle masses immediately lateral to each thyrovocalis
-Originates on the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage, near the notch and lateral to the origin of the thyrovocalis. Runs back to insert into the arytenoid catilage at the muscular process and base
-Contraction of the thyromuscularis causes VFs to adduct and lengthen (contraction of medial fibers relaxes the VFs) |
|
|
Term
| Name the auxiliary muscles of the larynx: |
|
Definition
-Superior Thyroarytenoid
-Thyroepiglottic
-Aryepiglottic |
|
|
Term
| Superior Thyroarytenoid (auxiliary laryngeal muscle) |
|
Definition
-Composed of: thyrovocalis + thyromuscularis
-Can be an adductor, tensor, or relaxer of VF (relaxer in 50% of population) |
|
|
Term
| Thyroepiglottic (auxiliary laryngeal muscle) |
|
Definition
-Originates @ angle of thyroid; inserts epiglottis
-Dilates the laryngeal opening--deep respiratory effort
-Involved only in SWALLOWING |
|
|
Term
| Aryepiglottic (auxiliary laryngeal muscle) |
|
Definition
| -Protects airway during swallowing |
|
|
Term
| What can create voice problems such as vocal nodules? |
|
Definition
| Improper use of adduction and abduction |
|
|
Term
| Increased tension of VFs will stretch them and reduce their _____ ___ _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing the tension of the VFs causes an increase in what? |
|
Definition
| frequency of vibrations (raises pitch) |
|
|
Term
| Contraction of what muscle causes VFs to tense and raise vocal pitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of extrinsic laryngeal muscles: |
|
Definition
-A portion of the muscle is OUTSIDE the larynx
-Many are DEEP to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
-Can be grouped as being ABOVE (SUPRA) OR BELOW (INFRA) the HYOID bone
*Suprahyoid "strap muscles"
*Infrahyoid muscles
-Can be grouped as to whether they ELEVATE or DEPRESS the LARYNX
*Hyolaryngeal elevators
*Hyolaryngeal depressors |
|
|
Term
| Describe the digastric muscle (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyolaryngeal muscle) |
|
Definition
-Paired with 2 bellies that are joined by a tendon which goes through a fibrous loop
-Considered to be both a laryngeal elevator as well as a floor of mouth (FOM) muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the FIRST function of the digastric muscle? |
|
Definition
| -Raises hyoid bone (Assists the hyoid bone to move forward and backward) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 bellies of the digastric muscle? |
|
Definition
1. Anterior belly/digastricus anterior
2. Posterior belly/ digastricus posterior |
|
|
Term
| Anterior belly of digastric muscle |
|
Definition
-Courses down and backward
-Origin: symphysis of MANDIBLE
-Inserts on hyoid bone via intermediate tendon |
|
|
Term
| Posterior belly of digastric muscle |
|
Definition
-Course: down and forward
-Origin: mastoid process on TEMPORAL BONE OF SKULL near ear
-Inserts on hyoid bone via intermediate tendon |
|
|
Term
| What are the two bellies of the digastric muscle joined by? |
|
Definition
| Intermediate tendon (tendon attached to hyoid at junction of corpus and greater cornu) |
|
|
Term
| What is the SECOND function of the digastric muscle? |
|
Definition
| Elevate hyoid for swallowing |
|
|
Term
| What is the THIRD function of the digastric muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stylohyoid muscle (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator) |
|
Definition
-Long and slender
-Superficial to posterior belly and runs parallel
-DOES NOT LOOP
-Origin: styloid process in TEMPORAL BONE of skull
-Course: down and forward to insert on greater horn of hyoid
-Function: move HYOID UP and BACK during SWALLOWING |
|
|
Term
| Mylohyoid muscle (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator) |
|
Definition
-Thin sheet fans out
-A FOM muscle UNDER the digastric
-Origin: mandible @ mylohyoid line
-Course: Downward to insert into the HYOID CORPUS (body of hyoid)
-Function: ELEVATE hyoid, FOM, and tongue during SWALLOWING
-May also depress the mandible
-No real function in SPEECH |
|
|
Term
| Geniohyoid (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator) |
|
Definition
-PAIRED
-CYLINDRICAL
-FOM
-Above and PARALLEL to DIGASTRIC and MYLOHYOID
-Origin: mental symphysis of mandible
-Courses down and backward into corpus of hyoid
-Function: Pull HYOID UP and FORWARD
-Depress mandible |
|
|
Term
| Hyoglossus (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator) |
|
Definition
-EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE
-Origin: greater cornu of hyoid
-Course: upward to insert into back and sides of the tongue
-Function: depress the TONGUE as well as assist in HYOID ELEVATION |
|
|
Term
| Genioglossus (actually a major tongue muscle but still considered hyoid elevator) |
|
Definition
-Origin: mental symphysis of mandible
-Fans out and courses upward and lower fibers insert on hyoid body whereas upper fibers are under surface of the tongue itself
-Elevates the hyoid and draws it forward to INITIATE a swallow |
|
|
Term
| Sternohyoid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor) |
|
Definition
-Goes from sternum to hyoid bone
-Flat and anterior neck muscle
-Origin: manubrium of the sternum and clavicle and course vertically upward to insert on the lower border of the hyoid corpus
-Function: Draw hyoid DOWN when jaw OPENS |
|
|
Term
| Omohyoid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor) |
|
Definition
-Long, narrow muscle on SIDE and FRONT of neck
-Has 2 bellies (superior and inferior) that join at an INTERMEDIATE TENDON
-Main origin: scapula with insertion at greater horn of hyoid
-Function: Depress hyoid and PROTECT NECK during DEEP INSPIRATION as in fright |
|
|
Term
| What are the two bellies of the Omohyoid muscle? |
|
Definition
1. Superior belly
2. Inferior belly |
|
|
Term
| Superior belly of omohyoid muscle |
|
Definition
| Origin at intermediate tendon and goes vertical and medial to insert on GREATER HORN of HYOID |
|
|
Term
| Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle |
|
Definition
| Origin at SCAPULA and runs horizontal and forward to insert into INTERMEDIATE TENDON |
|
|
Term
| Sternothyroid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor) |
|
Definition
-Origin: manubrium of sternum and FIRST COSTAL CARTILAGE
-Courses upward to insert into the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage
-ACTIVE DURING SWALLOWING; brings LARYNX DOWN as swallow terminates
-Depresses the thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Thyrohyoid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor) |
|
Definition
-Considered the SUPERIOR COUNTERPART to the STERNOTHYROID
-Courses down from oblique line of thyroid to inferior margin of greater cornu of hyoid
Function: either depress HYOID or elevate LARYNX |
|
|
Term
| What does the term "strap muscles" generally refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
