Term
|
Definition
| Covers the surface of the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Airways from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| Function of Conducting Zone |
|
Definition
| Moisten, Warm, and Filter Air...NO GAS EXCHANGE |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory zone contains |
|
Definition
| Alveoli where gas is exchanged. This zone consists of the Terminal bronchioles, Alveolar ducts and Alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| Water in the alveolar fluid creates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mixture of Phospholipids and lipoprotiens which lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid. With out surfactent the alveoli would collapse and would have to be re inflated between breaths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is an accumulation of fluid in the lungs (known as Pulmonary edema). This increases the thickness of the respiratory membrane, resulting in (more or less) gas exchange. |
|
|
Term
| Percentage of 02 in atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percentage of C02 in atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percentage of N2 in atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percentage of H20 in atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External Respiration Occurs in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In External Respiration C02 diffuses from.... |
|
Definition
| the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli along its partial pressure gradient |
|
|
Term
| In External Respiration 02 diffuses from |
|
Definition
| the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries along its partial pressure gradient |
|
|
Term
| Internal Respiration Occurs in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Internal Respiration 02 diffuses from |
|
Definition
| systemic capillaries into the cells along its partial pressure gradient |
|
|
Term
| In Internal Respiration C02 diffuses from |
|
Definition
| the cells into the systemic capillaries along its partial pressure gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atrioles: Vasoconstrict to redirect blood to other alveoli with a higher air flow and where there is more 02
Bronchioles: Dilate to eliminate excess C02 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Arterioles? Vasodilate. Why? Bring more blood to the alveoli, allowing the blood to pick up
the abundant O2
b. Bronchioles? Constrict. Why? To reduce air flow so it is proportional to local blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constrict bronchioles Increases resistance decreases airflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dialates bronchioles Decreases resistance Increases airflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constrict bronchioles Increases resistance decreases airflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease compliance making it harder to inflate the lungs |
|
|
Term
| A decrease in surfactant will result in a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the condition called in which infants do not produce surfactant |
|
Definition
| Respiratory distress syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important stimulus controlling ventilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ion directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors? |
|
Definition
| H+. Monitors pH associated with CO2 levels. |
|
|
Term
| If a person hyperventilates what will happen to the following in the blood? |
|
Definition
| Pco2 decrease, pH increase |
|
|
Term
| If a person hypoventilates what will happen to the following in the blood? |
|
Definition
| Po2 Decreases, Pco2 Increases |
|
|
Term
| Exercised enhanced ventilation does not appear to be prompted by rising PCO2 and declining PO2 and pH in the blood for 2 reasons |
|
Definition
1. Ventilation increases abruptly as exercise begins, followed by a gradual increase, and then a steady state of ventilation
2. Although venous levels change, arterial PCO2 and PO2 levels remain surprisingly constant during exercise. |
|
|
Term
| When oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin in the lungs, hemoglobin is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when oxygen is unloaded from the hemoglobin at the tissues it is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When CO2 binds to hemoglobin, it is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbaminohemoglobin forms in regions of |
|
Definition
| High PCO2 as blood flows through the systemic capillaries of the tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A decrease in hemoglobin O2 leads to an increase in CO2 loading. Said another way, O2 loading facilitates CO2 unloading. (Note: The effect is on CO2 loading and unloading.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A decrease in CO2 loading facilitates Oxygen unloading from hemoglobin. Said another way, CO2 loading facilitates O2 unloading. (Note: The effect is on O2 loading and unloading.) |
|
|
Term
| 4 Layers of digestive tract |
|
Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| single digestive purpose of the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The function of the epiglottis is to prevent |
|
Definition
| a bolus from entering the Trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During this phase receptors for the site, smell, taste, and even the thought of food initiate reflexes that cause salivation, production of gastric juices and gastric contractions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During this phase food is in the stomach. The stomach contents and volume initiate reflexes that cause the production of gastric secretions and increase gastric motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Here the meal moves into the intestines. The intestinal contents and volume initiate reflexes that cause secretion of bicarbonate, digestive enzymes and bile and begin the segmenting contractions of the small intestine. Inhibitory reflexes |
|
|
Term
| List the three major nutrient classes (a.k.a. macronutrients) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The breakdown products (monomers) of proteins are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest usable form of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digestion of starches starts in the |
|
Definition
| mouth by salivary amylase |
|
|
Term
| The digestive enzyme pepsin |
|
Definition
| begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is responsible for the majority of fat digestion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bile salts surround monoglycerides and free fatty acids to form tiny droplets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a million times smaller than fat droplets. When micelles are in close proximity to the cell membrane, monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of them to enter intestinal cells by simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triglycerides are reassembled inside the cell and combined with lipoproteins inside the intestinal epithelial cells to form chylomicrons |
|
|
Term
| lacteal lymphatic capillaries |
|
Definition
| Chylomicrons exit the intestinal epithelial cells and then enter the lacteal lymphatic capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substantial quantities of Vitamin B as a by product of their metabolism. |
|
|
Term
| three main substances that are absorbed in the large intestine |
|
Definition
a. Vitamin K
b. Salt
c. Water |
|
|
Term
| four major functions of saliva. |
|
Definition
a. Protection- dilutes, buffers, cleanses and helps prevent dental caries. Contains lysosomes and IgA
b. Taste – water moistens foods and dissolves molecules
c. Lubrication- muscous makes foods eaiser to swallow
d. Digestion- Amalyase begins the digesion of starch |
|
|
Term
| The four main components of gastric juice are |
|
Definition
. Mucous – secreted throughout the stomach
b. Pepsinogen – precursor to pepsin – secreted throughout the stomach. Activated by HCL and pepsin
c. Hydrochloric Acid – secreted in the fundus and body
d. Intrinsic Factor - secreted in the fundus and body |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal absorption of Vitamin B12 – requires |
|
Definition
| requires Intrinsic Factor (secreted by parietal cells) for absorption. Pernious anemia. |
|
|
Term
| List the only two substances that are absorbed across the stomach’s mucosal epithelium |
|
Definition
a. Alcohol – can destroy the mucosal barrier
b. aspirin – can destroy the mucosal barrier |
|
|
Term
| function of HCl in the stomach? |
|
Definition
a. Activates pepsinogen
b. Breaks down cell walls
c. Kills most bacteria
d. Denatures proteins in food |
|
|
Term
| If the pancrease fails to secrete adequate amounts of digestive enzymes |
|
Definition
| the major disruption in digestion is the digestion of fats since most starches and proteins are digested before they get to the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| The intestinal hormone CCK causes |
|
Definition
| contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile into the duodenum. |
|
|
