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| A chemical messenger that stimulates mitosis and differentiation of target cells that have the receptors for it; important in such processes as fetal development, tissue maintenance and repair, and hemopoieses; sometimes a contributing factor in cancer. |
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| A condition in which neither of the two alleles, is dominant over the other, and both are phenotypically expressed when both are present in an individual. For example, When blood type alleles IA and IB are produce blood type AB when inherited together. |
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| All the genes of one individual, estimated at 100,000 genes in humans. |
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| A gamete or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete. |
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| The pair of alleles possessed by an individual at one gene locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes; Strongly influences the individual's phenotype for a given trait. |
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| Any of the three original tissue layers of an embryo; ectoderm, mesoderm,or endoderm. |
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| An organic molecule composed of a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group; the monomer of a nucleic acid. |
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| Any cell belong to the human body, as opposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants. |
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| Pertaining to a genetic allele that is phenotypically expressed in the presence of any other allele. |
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| a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon or of the relationships between variables; for example, Poiseuille's Law and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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| A condensed form of Chromatin visible in a cell undergoing Mitosis or Meiosis. |
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| Any of three types of nucleotide polymers smaller than DNA that play various rolls in protein synthesis. Composed of Ribose, Phosphate, Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine forming a single nucleotide chain. |
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| Any chromosome except the sex chromosomes. Genes on the autosomes are inherited without regard to the sex of the individual. |
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| An organic molecule with a single or double carbon-nitrogen ring that forms one of the building blocks of ATP, other nucleotides, and nucleic acids; the basis of genetic code. |
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| In humans, having 23 unpaired chromosomes instead of the usual 46 chromosomes in homologous pairs; in any organism or cell, having half the normal diploid number of chromosomes for that species. |
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| pertaining to the body as a whole. |
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| A single-ringed nitrogenous base (Pyrimidine) found in DNA, complementary to Adenine in the double helix of DNA |
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| Having identical alleles at the same gene locus of two homologous chromosomes. |
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| the process of enzymatically reading the nucleotide sequence of a gene and syntheszing a pre-mRNA molecule with a complementary sequence. |
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| A pair of unit membranes enclosing the nucleus of a cell, with prominent pores allowing traffic of molecules between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. |
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| a series of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for one amino acid in a protein or signals the end of a gene |
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| Having on identical alleles at the same gene locus of two homologous chromosomes |
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| an agent capable of causing cancer, including certain chemicals, viruses, and ionizing radiation. |
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| The process of enzymatically reading an mRNA molecule and synthesizing the protein encoded in its nucleotide sequence. |
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| A single-ringed nitrogenous base (pyrimadine) found in RNA; one of the 4 bases of the genetic code; in RNA occupies the place of Thymine does in DNA. |
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| That part of the cell cycle between one mitotic phase and the next, from the end of cytokinesis to the beginning of the next prophase. |
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| A chain of hydrophobic amino acids that guides a newly synthesized protein into the cisterna of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is then cleaved off. In the synthesis of peptide hormones, removal of the leader sequence converts the preprohormone into the prohormone |
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| A Double-Ringed nitrogenous base (Purine) found in such molecules as DNA, RNA, and ATP; one of the 4 bases of the genetic code; complementary to thymine in the double helix of DNA |
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| Filamentous nuclear material composed of DNA and associated proteins. |
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| The site on a chromosome where a given gene is located. |
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| The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to a new location, where they seed the development of a new tumor. |
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| Cells that arise from a parent cell by mitosis or meiosis |
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| A segment of DNA that codes for the synthesis of one protein. |
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| A sequence of three DNA nucleotides that codes indirectly (through mRNA) for one amino acid of a protein. |
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| Division of the cytoplasm of a cell into two cells following nuclear division. |
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| A single-ringed nitrogenous base (pyrimidine) found in DNA; one of the four bases of the genetic code; complementary to guanine in the double helix of DNA |
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| Programmed cell death; the normal death of cells that have completed their function. Compare Necrosis. |
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| A double-ringed nitrogenous base (Purine) found in DNA and RNA; one of the 4 bases of the genetic code; complementary to cytosine in the double helix of DNA. |
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| Any of several techniques that alter the genetic constitution of a cell or organism, including recombinant DNA technology and gene substitution therapy. |
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| A form of cell division in which a cell divides once and produces two genetically identical daughter cells; sometimes used to refer only to the division of the genetic material or nucleus and not to include cytokinesis, the subsequent division of the cytoplasm |
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| any change in the structure of a chromosome or a DNA molecule, often resulting in a change of organismal structure or function |
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| A molecule composed of the DNA of two different species spliced together, such as a combination of bacterial and human DNA used to produce transgenic bacterial that synthesize human proteins. |
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| Any of the alternative forms that one gene can take, such as dominant and recessive alleles. |
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| One of two genetically identical rodlike bodies of a metaphase chromosome, joined to its sister chromatid at the centromere. |
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| study of parents and offspring in order to distinguish and predict familial patterns |
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| using cytology and microscopy to study chromosomes and their relationship to hereditary traits |
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| study of the DNA of whole individuals to understand health and disease. |
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| DNA wraps around a cluster of proteins called a histone (1 histone=8 proteins) about 1 ½ times like a ribbon around a spool |
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| These histone beads, or core particles, together with a linker DNA |
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