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| Passing down of responsibilities from the national government to the states |
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| Mandates that impose costs on state and local governments (and private industry) without reimbursement from the federal government |
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| Model of federalism in which the national government assumes primary responsibility for determining national goals in all major policy areas and directs state and local government activity through conditions attached to money grants |
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| Model of federalism in which national, state, and local governments work together exercising common policy responsibilities |
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| Early concept of federalism in which national and state powers were clearly distinguished and functionally separate |
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| Payments of funds from the national government to state or local governments or from a state government to local governments for specific purposes |
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| ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) |
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| A constitutional amendment proposed by Congress but never ratified by the necessary 2/3 of the states it would have guaranteed “equality of rights under law” for women and men. |
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| Powers not mentioned specifically in the Constitution as belonging to Congress but inferred as necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated powers |
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| National Supremacy Clause |
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| Clause in Article VI of the US Constitution declaring the constitution and laws of the national government “the supreme law of the land” superior to the constitutions and laws of the states |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause |
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| Clause in Article 1 Section 8 in the US Constitution granting Congress the power to enact all laws that are “necessary and proper” for carrying out those responsibilities specifically delegated to it. Also referred to as the Implies powers clause |
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| Delegated, or enumerated, powers |
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Definition
| Powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution as a belonging to the national government |
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| A constitutional arrangement whereby power is divided between national and sub national governments, each of which enforces its own laws directly on its citizens and nether of which can alter the arrangement without the consent of the other |
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| Constitutional arrangement whereby the national government is created by and relies on sub national governments for its authority |
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| Constitutional arrangement whereby authority rests with the national government; sub national governments have only those powers given to them by the national government |
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