Term
|
Definition
| groups of atoms within a molecule that have a characteristic chemical behavior |
|
|
Term
| the chemistry of every organic molecule is determined by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 categories functional groups can be categorized into |
|
Definition
-those w/ C-C multiple bonds
-those in which C forms a single bond with an enegative atom
-those w/ C=O 2bl bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alkanes are described as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why alkanes are hydrocarbons |
|
Definition
| because they contain only C and H |
|
|
Term
| why alkanes are saturated |
|
Definition
| because all bonds are single |
|
|
Term
| the general formula for alkanes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane w/ all the C's in a row |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane that has a branched C chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isomers whose atoms are connected differently |
|
|
Term
| do constitutional isomers have different properties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| straight-chain alkanes are named according to... |
|
Definition
| # of C's in their C chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the partial structure that results from the removal of 1 H from an alkane |
|
|
Term
| how alkyl groups are named |
|
Definition
| by replacing -ane with -yl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by removal of an H atom from the end of a straight-chain alkane |
|
|
Term
| branched-chain alkyl groups |
|
Definition
| formed by removing an H from an internal C |
|
|
Term
| the prefixes sec- and tert- refer to... |
|
Definition
| the number of other C atom attached to the branching C atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary (2 C's attached to the branching C) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tertiary (3 C's attached to the branching C) |
|
|
Term
| the possible degrees of alkyl substitution for C |
|
Definition
-primary
-2ndary
-tertiary
-quarternary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this symbol refers to the rest of the molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the system of nomenclature used in this book for naming alkanes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the components of a chemical name in the IUPAC system |
|
Definition
-locant
-prefix
-parent
-suffix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shows the location of substituents and functional groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates the type of constituent or functional group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of C's in the principal chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identifies functional group family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: find the parent hydrocarbon
2: number the atoms in the parent chain
3: identify and number the substituents
4: write the name as a single word
5: name a complex substituent as if it was a compound, and set it off in parentheses |
|
|
Term
| how to find the parent hydrocarbon in an alkane |
|
Definition
1: find the longest continuous chain of C's, and use its name as the parent name
2: if 2 chains have the same number of C's, choose the one with more branch points |
|
|
Term
| how to number the atoms in the parent chain |
|
Definition
1: start numbering at the end nearer the 1st branch point
2: if branching occurs an equal distance from both ends, begin numbering at the end nearer the second branch point |
|
|
Term
| how to identify and number the substituents |
|
Definition
1: give each substituent a number that corresponds to its number on the parent chain
2: 2 substituents on the same C receive the same # |
|
|
Term
| how to write the name as a single word |
|
Definition
1: use hyphens to separate prefixes and commas to separate numbers
2: use the prefixes di-, tri-, and tetra- if necessary, but don't use them for alphabetizing |
|
|
Term
| how to name a complex substituent as if it was a compound and set it off within parentheses |
|
Definition
1: some simple branched-chain alkyl groups have common names
2: the prefix iso- is used for alphabetixing, but sec- and tert- are not |
|
|
Term
| some properties of alkanes |
|
Definition
| -alkanes are chemically inert to most laboratory reagents
-alkanes react with O2 (combustion) and Cl2 (substitution)
-the boiling and melting points of alkanes increase with increasing molecular weight
-increased branching lowers an alkane's boiling point |
|
|
Term
| reactivity of alkanes to most laboratory reagents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| boiling and melting points of alkanes vs. molecular weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the boiling and melting poiunts of alkanes increase with increasing molecular weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strength of dispersion forces vs. molecular weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| branching vs. an alkane's boiling point |
|
Definition
| the more branching, the higher the boiling point |
|
|
Term
| some straight-chain alkanes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the branch of chemistry concerned with the 3D aspects of molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what produces isomers of ethane at different conformation? |
|
Definition
| rotation about a single bond |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways isomers can be represented |
|
Definition
-sawhorse representations
-Newman projections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| views the C-C bond at an oblique angle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| views the C-C bond end-on-end and represents the 2 C's as a circle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the lowest energy conformation
occurs when all C-H bonds are as far from each other as possible (H's not lining up with each other) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the highest energy conformation
occurs when all the C-H bonds are as close to each other as possible (H's lining up with each other) |
|
|
Term
| the energy difference in staggered conformation is due to... |
|
Definition
| torsional strain from interactions between C-H bonding orbitals on one C and C-H bonding antibonding orbitals on an adjacent C, stabilizing the staggered conformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extra energy in eclipsed conformation |
|
|
Term
| graph showing potential energy vs. angle of rotation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photograph the conformations in section 3.7 |
|
|
Term
| the lowest energy conformation of butane occurs when... |
|
Definition
| the 2 large methyl groups are as far from each other as possible |
|
|
Term
| gauche conformation of butane |
|
Definition
| when 2 methyl groups are 60 degrees apart |
|
|
Term
| the energy difference in different conformations of molecules is due to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the repulsive interaction that results from forcing atoms to be closer together than their atomic radii allow |
|
|
Term
| the highest energy conformations of butane occur when... |
|
Definition
| the 2 methyl groups are eclipsed |
|
|
Term
| the most favored conformation for any straight-chain alkane |
|
Definition
| has C-C bonds in staggered arrangements and large substituents anti to each other |
|
|
Term
| the conformation adopted by most molecules |
|
Definition
| the most stable conformation |
|
|
Term
| the 5 parts to every name when naming organic molecules |
|
Definition
1: stereoisomerism
2: substituents
3: parent
4: unsaturation
5: functional group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates whether 2bl bonds are cis/trans and indicates stereocenters (R,S) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups connected to the main chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identifies whether there are any 2bl or triple bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the group after which the compound is named |
|
|
Term
| why you must name an organic molecule starting with the functional group |
|
Definition
| because the position of the functional group affects which parent chain you chose |
|
|
Term
| alkene (double bond) functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkene (double bond) functional group |
|
|
Term
| alkane (triple bond) functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane (triple bond) functional group |
|
|
Term
| arene (aromatic ring) functional group |
|
Definition
| 6 trigonal planar C's in a ring |
|
|
Term
| 6 trigonal planar C's in a ring |
|
Definition
| arene (aromatic ring) functional group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monophosphate functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monophosphate functional group |
|
|
Term
| diphosphate functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diphosphate functional group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| imine (Schiff base) functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imine (Schiff base) functional group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RN
the bond is a triple bond |
|
|
Term
RN
the bond is a triple bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disulfide functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disulfide functional group |
|
|
Term
| sulfoxide functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sulfoxide functional group |
|
|
Term
| aldehyde functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aldehyde functional group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carboxylic acid functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carboxylic acid functional group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thioester functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thioester functional group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acid chloride functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acid chloride functional group |
|
|
Term
| carboxylic acid anhydride functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carboxylic acid anhydride functional group |
|
|
Term
suffix associated with alkene
(double bond) functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with alkyne (triple bond) functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with arene (aromatic ring) functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with halide functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with alcohol functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with ether functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with monophosphate functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with diphosphate functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with amine functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with imine (Schiff base) functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with nitrile functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with thiol functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with sulfide functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with disulfide functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with sulfoxide functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with aldehyde functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with ketone functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with carboxylic acid functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with ester functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with thioester functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with amide functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with acid chloride functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix associated with carboxylic acid anhydride functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffix to use when there's no functional group involved |
|
Definition
| put an e at the end of it |
|
|
Term
| when naming the parent chain, meth means... |
|
Definition
| 1 C atom in the alkane or parent chain |
|
|
Term
| when naming an alkane or the parent chain, eth means... |
|
Definition
| 2 C atoms in the alkane or parent chain |
|
|
Term
| when naming an alkane or the parent chain, prop means... |
|
Definition
| 3 C atoms in the alkane or parent chain |
|
|
Term
| when naming an alkane or the parent chain, but means... |
|
Definition
| 4 C atoms in the alkane or parent chain |
|
|
Term
| when naming an alkane or the parent chain, pent means... |
|
Definition
| 5 C atoms in the alkane or parent chain |
|
|
Term
| when naming an alkane or the parent chain, hex means... |
|
Definition
| 6 C atoms in the alkane or parent chain |
|
|
Term
| when naming an alkane or the parent chain, hept means... |
|
Definition
| 7 C atoms in the alkane or parent chain |
|
|
Term
| when naming an alkane or the parent chain, oct means... |
|
Definition
| 8 C atoms in the alkane or parent chain |
|
|
Term
| when naming an alkane or the parent chain, non means... |
|
Definition
| 9 C atoms in the alkane or parent chain |
|
|
Term
| when naming an alkane or the parent chain, dec means... |
|
Definition
| 10 C atoms in the alkane or parent chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane or parent chain with 1 C atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane or parent chain with 2 C atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane or parent chain with 3 C atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane or parent chain with 4 C atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane or parent chain with 5 C atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane or parent chain with 6 C atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane or parent chain with 7 C atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane or parent chain with 8 C atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane or parent chain with 9 C atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkane or parent chain with 10 C atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methane with one H replaced by R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ethane with 1 H replaced by R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| propane with 1 H replaced by R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| butane with 1 H replaced by R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pentane with 1 H replaced by R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hexane with 1 H replaced by R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heptane with 1 H replaced by R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| octane with 1 H replaced by R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonane with 1 H replaced by R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decane with 1 H replaced by R |
|
|
Term
| when there is a double bond, should the parent chain include the double bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when there is no double bond, but there is a functional group attached, should the parent chain include the C next to the functional group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
attached to the end C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
attached to the middle C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
here, it's connected to a Cl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
notice the Cl is attached to the secondary C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
notice the R is attached to the tertiary C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to represent a generalized organic group |
|
|
Term
| what characters to use to indicate whether a C is primary, 2ndary, tertiary, or quarternary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is an H bonded to a primary C primary, secondary, or tertiary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is an H bonded to a secondary C primary, secondary, or tertiary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is an H bonded to a tertiary C primary, secondary, or tertiary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the template for the name of an alkane |
|
Definition
| locant-prefix-parent-suffix |
|
|
Term
| what the locant in the name of an alkane is supposed to indicate |
|
Definition
| where the substituents and functional groups are |
|
|
Term
| what the prefix in the name of an alkane is supposed to indicate |
|
Definition
| what the substituents are |
|
|
Term
| what the parent in the name of an alkane is supposed to indicate |
|
Definition
| how many carbons in alkane |
|
|
Term
| what the suffix in the name of an alkane is supposed to indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if 2 hydrocarbon chains of equal length have different numbers of branch points, which hydrocarbon chain is the parent? |
|
Definition
| the one with more branch points |
|
|
Term
| when numbering the C's in the hydrocarbon chain, where should you begin? |
|
Definition
| at end nearer to the first branch point |
|
|
Term
| when numbering the hydrocarbons in a molecule with branching an equal distance away from the parent chain, where should you begin? |
|
Definition
| at the end nearer to the 2nd branch point |
|
|
Term
| order to list substituents when naming an alkane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how a substituent that is itself branched is included in the name of an alkane |
|
Definition
1: numbered beginning at its point of attachment to the main chain
2: it is then set off in parentheses |
|
|
Term
| why a positive charge can be an indicator of acidity |
|
Definition
| because having the positive charge, it's more like hydronium |
|
|
Term
| what arrows in acid-base reactions indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do you compare when comparing bases? |
|
Definition
| stability of the electrons on each base |
|
|
Term
| number of resonance forms vs. stability of an anion |
|
Definition
| the more resonance forms, the more stable |
|
|
Term
| the only intermolecular force that deals with nonpolar molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intermolecular forces that occur as the result of induced dipoles between molecules
induced dipoles occur as the result of an instantaneous uneven distribution of electrons |
|
|
Term
| how the size of the molecule's electron cloud affects London forces |
|
Definition
| the bigger the electron cloud, the easier it is to distort the London forces into greases |
|
|
Term
| polarizeability vs. strength of London forces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what branching of molecule does to boiling point |
|
Definition
| general rule of thumb: branching tends to lower the boiling point |
|
|
Term
| how the shape of different isomers of the same compound can affect boiling point |
|
Definition
| the more spherical the molecule, the lower the boiling point due to less area of overlap between adjacent molecules and weaker London forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive end of a bond on one molecule being attracted to the negative end of a bond on another molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a dipole-dipole force between a proton attached to an N or O and an O or N
this isn't a bond; it's an association or attraction |
|
|
Term
| in an organic molecule, a functional group is... |
|
Definition
| a group of atoms that isn't a sp3 hybridized CH group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isomers that have their atoms connected in a different order |
|
|
Term
| amount of substitution arount a bond vs. amount of strain |
|
Definition
| the more substitution around a bond, the more strain |
|
|
