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| System of government where the national government and state government share power and derive all authority from the people. |
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| Type of government where the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states |
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| System of government there the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government. |
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| The final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the power not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people. |
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| Reserved (or police) Powers |
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| Powers reserved to the states by the 10th Amendment that lie at the foundation of a state's rights to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens. |
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| Powers shred by the national and state governments. |
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| A law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial. |
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| A law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed. |
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| Full Faith and Credit Clause |
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| Section of Article IV of the constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state. |
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| Privileges and Immunities Clause |
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| Part of Article IV of the Constitution guaranteeing that all the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states. |
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| Part of Article IV of the Constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial. |
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| Contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns. |
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| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
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| The Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitutions Supremacy Clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers. |
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| The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers. |
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| Barron v. Baltimore (1833) |
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| The Supreme Court ruled the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment did not apply to the actions of states. This decision limited the Bill of Rights to the actions of Congress alone. |
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| The belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement. |
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| Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) |
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| The Supreme Court concluded that the U.S. Congress lacked the constitutional authority to bar slavery in the territories. This decision narrowed the scope of the national power, while it enhanced that of the states. |
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| The purported right of a state to declare void a federal law. |
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| Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax. |
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| Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection from state legislature. |
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| The name given to the program of “Relief, Recovery, Reform” begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to bring the United States out of the Great Depression. |
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| The intertwined relationship between the national, state, and local governments that began with the New Deal. |
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| Federal-state relationship proposed by Reagan administration during the 1980’s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments. |
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| A large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines. |
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| A concept that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain areas. |
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| Movement that gives state officials significant leeway in acting on issues normally considered national in scope, such as the environment and consumer protection. |
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| Delegated Powers (enumerated powers) |
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| powers given to federal government by constitution. |
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| powers denied from both. ex: ex post facto. |
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| pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system. |
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| target specific purposes and strings attached. |
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| Federal law requiring states to comply. |
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