Term
| viruses are not made up of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| viruses are not considered _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| viruses cannot factor their own _____ or _____ or _____ |
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Definition
| ATP, amino acids, nucleotides |
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Term
| viruses VS organisms: hereditary information |
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Definition
v: DNA or RNA; can be single stranded or double stranded
o: DNA; always double stranded |
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Term
| viruses VS organisms: plasma membrane present? |
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Definition
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Term
| viruses VS organisms: can carry out translation/transcription independently? |
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Definition
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Term
| viruses VS organisms: metabolic capabilities |
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Definition
v: virtually none
o: extensive |
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Term
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Definition
| shuttling genes from one organism to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease that rapidly affects a large number of individuals over a widening area |
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Term
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Definition
| an epidemic on a worldwide scope |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 ways biologists study/characterize viruses |
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Definition
1. the structure of the extracellular infectious particle (virion)
2. the nature of the genetic material that is transmitted by virions from one host to another
3. variations in how viruses replicate |
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Term
| 2 general categories of viruses in terms of structure |
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Definition
1. those enclosed in only a capsid
2. those enclosed by both a capsid & an envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| the genome contains the same sequences as the mRNA required to produce viral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| the base sequences in the genome are complementary to those in viral mRNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| the genome has at least one strand that contains two regions: one is positive sense & the other is negative sense |
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Term
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Definition
| a way that viruses infect the hose that produces the next generation of virions and often kills the host cell |
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Term
| 6 phases of replicative growth in virtually all viruses |
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Definition
1. attachment to a host cell & entry into the cytosol
2. transcription of viral genome & production of viral proteins
3. replication of the viral genome
4. assembly of a new generation of virions
5. exit from the infected cell
6. transmission to a new host |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that infects bacteria cells |
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Term
| the lytic cycle ends with _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the receptor for HIV attachment? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| viral enzymes that cut polyproteins into individual proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a viral enzyme that functions as RNA-dependent RNA polymerases |
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Term
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Definition
| a viral enzyme that transcribes from RNA to DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses that reverse-transcribe their genome |
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Term
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Definition
1. viral genome enters host cell
2. viral genome integrates into host-cell genome
3. host-cell DNA polymerase copies chromosome
4. cell divides; virus is transmitted to daughter cells OR at any point after integration, the virus may activate the replicative cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| the dormant state of viruses that infect animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the spread of pathogens from one individual to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a new illness that suddenly affects significant numbers of individuals in a host population |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of populations that have similar characteristics & is the lowest level of taxonomy for viruses |
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Term
| 3 steps: generating new strains |
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Definition
1. two different strains of the same virus infect the same cell
2. replication produces a mix of strain-specific genomic segments in host cytoplasm
3. reassortment of genomic segments generates new, recombinant strains |
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Term
| Baltimore classification system for distinguishing viruses |
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Definition
1. virion morphology
2. nature of the host species
3. type of disease resulting from infection |
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