Term
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Definition
| the balance of chemical and physical conditions in the body to sustain life |
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Term
| What do cells do in order to maintain homeostasis? |
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Definition
| coordinate via signaling pathways involving cell receptors |
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Term
| What does medication bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you resolve homeostatic imbalance? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| universal term for anything that binds to a receptor |
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Term
| What are the two ways drugs can bind to receptors? |
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Definition
1.cell-surface receptos-on plasma membrane
2.cytoplasmic receptors-inside the cell |
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Term
| How so cytoplasmic receptors work? |
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Definition
| have chemical properties that allow them to cross the plasma membrane to reach the receptors inside |
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Term
| What are the two types of fast channel cell surface receptors? |
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Definition
1.Ligand-gated channels
2.Voltage gated channels |
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Term
| How do ligand gated channels work? |
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Definition
-most common
-open when signal molecule binds |
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Term
| ow do voltage-gated channels work? |
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Definition
-open when membrane potential changes
-its an electrical change that causes the channels to open |
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Term
| What is the first messenger of cell surface receptors? |
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Definition
| The drug, it binds to the cell surface receptor, binds to outside to change shape of things inside |
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Term
| What is the second messenger? |
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Definition
-inside the cell
-causes an intracellular response |
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Term
| Any place there is a BLANK for a drug, that area will be effected by the drug. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of drugs diffuse into the cell with cytoplasmic receptors? |
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Definition
| lipophilic drugs(fat-loving, same as hydrophobic) |
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Term
| What happens to drugs with cytoplasmic receptors? |
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Definition
-bind to receptor in the cytoplam
-drug/receptor complex moves into the nucleus |
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Term
| What happens when a drug moves into the nucleus of the cell? |
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Definition
-binds to DNA
-changes transcription |
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Term
| A drug that effects the DNA will eventually effect what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does facilitated diffusion require? |
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Definition
| some sort of transporter protein, this is passive transport and does not require ATP |
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Term
| What is active transport? |
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Definition
| movement up the concentration gradient, requirs energy (ATP) |
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Term
| What are drugs patterned off of? |
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Definition
| natural ligands in the body, so they are artificial ligands |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that occupy receptors and activate them |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate them, antagonists block receptor activation by agonists |
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Term
| What happens with agonists? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens with agonists and antagonists together? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens with antagonists alone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| induces a 100% signal or response |
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Term
| What is a partial agonist? |
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Definition
| induces <100% signal or response |
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Term
| What do agonists activate a receptor like? |
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Definition
| at the same level as a natural ligand |
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Term
| What are the two types of antagonists? |
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Definition
| competitive and noncompetitive |
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Term
| How do competitive antagonists work? |
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Definition
-binds to the same site as the agonist and prevents the agonist from binding
-can be overcome by adding more agionist |
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Term
| How do noncompetitive antagonists work? |
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Definition
-binds to receptor outside of agonist binding site, it reduces agonist activity through other mechanisms
-CANNOT be overcome by adding more agonist |
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Term
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Definition
-central carbon(chiral) attached to 4 other atoms/groups
-form mirror image |
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Term
| Do stereoisomers have the same biological effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some other names for stereoisomers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do drugs affect(overall)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do drugs act through? |
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Definition
receptors in the body
-affect biological molecules that normally use those receptors
-alter the response of a cell/tissue |
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Term
| what is the chemical structure of a drug important to? |
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Definition
| the drug's mechanism of action |
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Term
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Definition
| study of what happens with a drug from the time it goes into the body until it leaves the body |
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Term
| What are the ADME properties? |
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Definition
1.Absorption
2.Distribution
3.Metabolism
4.Excretion |
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Term
| What is the plasma membrane composed of? |
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Definition
| primarily phospholipids and proteins |
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Term
| What does the plasma membrane do? |
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Definition
| regulated entry of molecules into the cell |
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Term
| What is the therapeutic range? |
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Definition
| area on a dose response curve between the minimal dose and maximal effect |
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Term
| When does the maximal effect occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is dose on a dose response curve on the X or Y axis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you calculate effective dose? |
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Definition
| it is the effect of the drug seen at 50% response |
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Term
| What are lethal doses tested on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we want when it comes to effective and lethal doses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the therapeutic index of a drug need to be for the FDA to approve it? |
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Definition
| at least 10, for example if 1 pill is the ED(effective dose) then the LD(lethal dose) must be at least 10 pills |
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Term
| What does the therapeutic index do? |
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Definition
-helps determine the likelihood of toxicity before clinical trials
-can only be determined on animals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of a drug needed to produce a desired effet |
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Term
| What must be true to compare two drug's potency? |
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Definition
| the two drugs must reach the same level of response |
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Term
| What determines if a drug is more potent than another? |
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Definition
| is the desired response is reached at a lower level |
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Term
| What has to be true to compare two drug efficacies? |
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Definition
| the two drugs have to be compared over same range of doses |
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Term
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Definition
| wheather a drug reaches a maximal effect when administered regardless of potency |
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Term
| So what does a higher efficacy mean? |
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Definition
| there is a higher response at the SAME dose(dose is constant) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why do chemical bonds form? |
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Definition
| so atoms have a complete outer shell of electrons to improve stability |
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Term
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Definition
| give, take, or share electrons |
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Term
| What are the types of bonds? |
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Definition
| ionic, covalent, hydrogen |
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Term
| What do ionic bonds form? |
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Definition
-salts
-between metals and nonmetals
-one atom takes electron away from another |
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Term
| What happens with electron formation? |
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Definition
-ion formation
-opposite charges attract |
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Term
| What kind of molecules do ionic bonds form? What are these molecules soluble in? |
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Definition
| hydrophilic, soluble in plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| takes electron, negative change |
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Term
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Definition
| gives electrons, positive charge |
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Term
| What is covalent bonding? |
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Definition
| electron sharing, stronger than ionic bonds |
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Term
| What are the two types of covalent bonds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-unequal sharing
-forms hydrophilic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
-equal sharing
-forms hydrophobic/lipophilic molecules |
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Term
| What does polarity allow formation of? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen bonds, these are hydrophilic (bind to surface receptors) |
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Term
| Any sort of charge allows BLANK and this allows BLANK to form. |
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Definition
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Term
| What can lipophilic molecules bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat are the charges like in polar covalent bonds? |
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Definition
| "delta" or slight positive and "delta" or slight negative |
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