Term
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Definition
| results from removal of the superficial layers of the skin caused by friction between the skin and injuring object. Abrasions and contusions may have a patterned appearance that mirrors the shape and features of the injuring object." |
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Term
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Definition
| A reversible, structural, or functional response both to normal or physiologic conditions and to adverse or pathologic conditions. |
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Definition
| causes structural and functional changes that eventually may lead to cellular death or a decreased capacity to recover from injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Post mortem reduction of body temperature |
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Term
| Anoxia (total lack of oxygen) |
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Definition
| Caused by a sudden obstruction, as with an embolus (a blood clot or other plug in the circulation). |
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Term
| Apoptosis, or programmed cell death |
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Definition
| Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen. Deprivation of oxygen may be partial (hypoxia) or total (anoxia). Asphyxial injuries can be grouped into four general categories: suffocation, strangulation, chemical, and drowning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. If atrophy occurs in a sufficient number of an organ's cells, the entire organ shrinks or becomes atrophic |
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Definition
| The process of cell self-deigestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A self destructive action of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a normal, yellow-to-green pigment of bile derived from the porphyrin structure of hemoglobin" |
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Term
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Definition
| Injuries that are the result of the application of mechanical energy to the body, resulting in tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues. The most common types of blunt-force injuries include motor vehicle accidents and falls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is an odorless, colorless, and undetectable gas unless it is mixed with a visible or odorous pollutant. It is produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels such as gasoline. Although CO is a chemical agent, the ultimate injury it produces is a hypoxic injurynamely, oxygen deprivation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon monoxide bound with hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually results from tuberculous pulmonary infection, especially by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necroses. The dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not completely digested by the hydrolases. Tissues resemble clumped cheese in that they are soft and granular. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cellular accumulation (infiltration) |
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Definition
| Accumulation of normal cellular substances in the cytoplasm or nucleus as a result of cellular injury or inefficient cell function. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical or gas that prevents the delivery of oxygen to tissues or blocks its use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Obstruction ofthe internqal airways |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cell death in which the cells are dense and maintain their shape, usually associated with hypoxia. Hypoxic injury causes protein denaturation, and occurs primarily in kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increased rate of cell division that compensates for absent or dysfunctional cells of the same tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Acts as an asphyxiant by combining with the ferric iron atom in cytochrome oxidase, thereby blocking the intracellular use of oxygen." |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals immobilized in bed for a prolonged time exhibit a type of skeletal muscle atrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| Breathing in fluid that causes airway obstruction, thereby decreasing oxygen delivery to tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a person's lungs become unable to extract oxygen from the air. An example would be due persistence of laryngospasm when immersed in fluid |
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Term
| Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia) |
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Definition
| Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells. Dysplasia is not considered a true adaptive process but is related to hyperplasia and is often called atypical hyperplasia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is due accumulation of calcium salts and is always a sign of pathologic change because it occurs only in injured or dead cells. Metastatic calcification, however, can occur in uninjured cells in individuals with hypercalcemia. |
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Term
| Endoplasmic stress (ER stress) |
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Definition
| A condition casued by the excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A lipase-inducedcellular dissolution of triglycerides in breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes all minerals, proteins, and water plus all other constituents except lipids), and body cell mass at older ages. |
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Term
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Definition
| or Steatosis represents the intracytoplasmic accumulation of triglyceride (neutral fats) of parenchimal organs, such as: liver, myocardium and kidney. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiologic and immune changes that waste the body during aging and leave the affected person susceptible to falls, functional decline, disease, and death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactive atom or molecule: a highly reactive atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron |
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Term
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Definition
| Or gangrene, is tissue necrosis caused by hypoxia and the subsequent bacterial invasion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of gas bubbles and subsequent destruction of connective tissue and cell membranes resulting from the hydrolytic enzymes produced by bacteria of the Clostridium species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A noose is placed around the neck, and the weight of the body is used to cause constriction of the noose and compression of the neck |
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Term
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Definition
| Accumulations in cells are caused by excessive storage of iron, which is transferred to the cells from the bloodstream. Iron enters the blood from three primary sources: (1) tissue stores, (2) the intestinal mucosa, and (3) macrophages that remove and destroy dead or defective red blood cells. The amount of iron in blood plasma depends also on the metabolism of the major iron transport protein, transferrin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Yellow-brown pigment derived from hemoglobin. With pathologic states, excesses of iron cause hemosiderin to accumulate within cells, often in areas of bruising and hemorrhage and in the lungs and spleen after congestion caused by heart failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which excess iron is stored as hemosiderin in the cells of many organs and tissues. This condition is common in individuals who have received repeated blood transfusions or prolonged parenteral administration of iron. Hemosiderosis is associated also with increased absorption of dietary iron, conditions in which iron storage and transport are impaired, and hemolytic anemia. Excessive alcohol (wine) ingestion also can lead to hemosiderosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast. After ovulation, for example, estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thicken in preparation for receiving the fertilized ovum. If pregnancy occurs, hormonal hyperplasia, as well as hypertrophy, enables the uterus to enlarge. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Sewer gas) is a chemical asphyxiant in which victims of hydrogen cyanide poisoning may have brown-tinged blood in addition to the nonspecific signs of asphyxiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division. Hyperplasia, as a response to injury, occurs when the injury has been severe and prolonged enough to have caused cell death. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the size of cells and consequently in the size of the affected organ |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction of oxygen supply to a tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cut that is longer than it is deep. A stab wound is a penetrating sharp-force injury that is deeper than it is long. |
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Term
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Definition
| If the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insufficient supply of blood to an orga, usually due to a blocked artery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin from the action of hydrolytic enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Fragmentation of the nucleus into smaller particles or nuclear dust |
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Term
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Definition
| Tear or rip resulting when tensile strength of skin or tissue is exceeded; is ragged and irregular with abraded edges |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The mark on the neck is horizontal without the inverted V pattern seen in hangings. Petechiae may be more common because intermittent opening and closure of the blood vessels may occur as a result of the victim's struggles. Internal injuries of the neck are rare. |
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Term
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Definition
| The destruction of polyunsaturated lipids (the same process by which fats become rancid), leading to membrane damage and increased permeability; (2) protein alterations, causing fragmentation of polypeptide chains; (3) DNA fragmentation, causing decreased protein synthesis; and (4) mitochondrial damage, causing the liberation of calcium into the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| The yellow-brown age pigment. Lipofuscin accumulates primarily in liver cells, myocardial cells, and atrophic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Liquefaction of neurons and glial cells in the brain as a result of ischemic injury or bacterial infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| WHen gravity causes blood to settle in the most dependent, or lowest, tissues, which develop a purple discoloration |
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Term
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Definition
| For humans is between 80 and 100 years and does not vary significantly among populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a brown-black pigment derived from the amino acid tyrosine. It is synthesized by epidermal cells called melanocytes and is stored in membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles called melanosomes. Melanin accumulates in epithelial cells (keratinocytes) of the skin and retina. It is an extremely important pigment because it protects the skin against long exposure to sunlight and is considered an essential factor in the prevention of skin cancer (see Chapters 10 and 39). Ultraviolet light (e.g., sunlight) stimulates the synthesis of melanin, which probably absorbs ultraviolet rays during subsequent exposure. Melanin also may protect the skin by trapping the injurious free radicals produced by the action of ultraviolet light on skin. |
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Term
| Mesenchymal (tissue from embryonic mesoderm) cells |
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Definition
| multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types,[1] including: osteoblasts (bone cells),[2] chondrocytes (cartilage cells),[3] and adipocytes (fat cells). Also reffrred to as STEM CELLS Metaplasia The reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type. It is thought to develop from a reprogramming of stem cells that exist on most epithelia or of undifferentiated mesenchymal |
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Term
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Definition
| The deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissue, because of elevated serum levels of calcium in blood,[1] which can occur because of deranged metabolism as well as increased absorption or decreased excretion of calcium and related minerals, as seen in hyperparathyroidism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encodes some of the proteins of the electron transfer chain, the system necessary for the conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP. Mutations in mtDNA can deprive the cell of ATP, and mutations are correlated with the aging process. The most common age-related mtDNA mutation in humans is a large rearrangement called the 4977 deletion, or common deletion, and is found in humans older than 40 years. It is a deletion that removes all or part of 7 of the 13 protein-encoding mtDNA genes and 5 of the 22 tRNA genes. Individual cells containing this deletion have a condition known as heteroplasmy. Heteroplasmy levels rise with aging and are tissue-dependent |
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Term
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Definition
| The morphological changes indicative of cell death caused by progressive enzymatic degradation; it may affect groups of cells or part of a structure or an organ |
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Term
| Oncosis (vacuolar degeneration) |
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Definition
| Progressive vacuolation results in cytoplasmic swelling called oncosis (which has replaced the old term hydropic [water] degeneration) or vacuolar degeneration (Figure 3-18). If cellular swelling affects all the cells in an organ, the organ increases in weight and becomes distended and pale. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling. Thus, oxidative stress can cause disruptions in normal mechanisms of cellular signaling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most forms of pathologic hyperplasia are caused by excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors acting on target cells. Example: endometrial hyperplasia*Pathologic hyperplasia, however, constitutes a fertile soil in which cancerous proliferation may eventually arise. Thus, patients with hyperplasia of the endometrium are at increased risk for developing endometrial cancer. *Hyperplasia is also an important response of connective tissue cells in wound healing, in which proliferating fibro-blasts and blood vessels aid in repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs with early development. For example, the thymus gland undergoes physiologic atrophy during childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| At a microscopic level, putrefactive changes are associated with the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution called postmortem autolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Postmortem change Diffuse physiologic changes that occur within minutes after death. |
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Term
| Programmed necrosis (necroptosis) |
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Definition
| Under certain condition necrosis ( cell death) is programmed is regulated or programmed. Hence the word Programmed necrosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary pathway of protein catabolism is the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway and catabolism involves proteosomes (protein degrading complexes). Proteins degraded in this pathway are first conjugated to ubiquitin (another small protein) and then degraded by proteosomes. Muscles atrophy can occur because of this pathway. Deregulation of this pathway often leads to abnormal cell growth and is associated with cancer and other diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psammoma bodies are associated with the papillary (nipple-like) histomorphology and are thought to arise from (1) the infarction and calcification of papillae tips and (2) calcification of intralymphatic tumor thrombi. |
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Term
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Definition
| Puncture wound: Instruments or objects with sharp points but without sharp edges produce puncture wounds; classic example is wound of foot after stepping on a nail; wounds are prone to infection, have abrasion of edges, and can be very deep" |
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Term
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Definition
| A thickening, especially degeneration of a cell in which the nucleus shrinks in size and the chromatin condenses to a solid, structureless mass or masses. |
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Term
| Reperfusion (reoxygenation) injury |
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Definition
| Tissue injury resulting from the restoration of oxygen after an interval of hypoxia or anoxia. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| After death, cellular respiration in organisms ceases to occur, depleting the corpse of oxygen used in the making of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is no longer provided to operate the SERCA pumps in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which pump calcium ions into the terminal cisternae.[1] This causes calcium ions to diffuse from the area of higher concentration (in the terminal cisternae and extracellular fluid) to an area of lower concentration (in the sarcomere), binding with troponin and allowing for crossbridging to occur between myosin and actin proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which muscle mass and strength is lost because of advanced age and decreased activity, resulting in impaired sense of balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Death of the entire body. A condition in which a body irreversibly loses its sentient personality, is unconscious, and is unaware of or unable to communicate with its environment, appreciate sensory stimuli or initiate voluntary activity. Reflex activity is intact, as is cardiorespiratory function |
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Term
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Definition
| Stab wound: Is a penetrating sharp force injury that is deeper than it is long; if a sharp instrument is used, depths of wound are clean and distinct but can be abraded if object is inserted deeply and wider portion (e.g., hilt of a knife) impacts skin; depending on size and location of wound, external bleeding may be surprisingly small; after an initial spurt of blood, even if a major vessel or heart is struck, wound may be almost completely closed by tissue pressure, thus allowing only a trickle of visible blood despite copious internal bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
| Strangulation Cerebral hypoxia or anoxia caused by compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages by applying external pressure on the neck. |
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Term
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Definition
| The failure of oxygen to reach the blood because of a lack of oxygen in the environment or the blockage of external airways. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ubiquitin-proteosome pathway |
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Definition
| The primary pathway of protein catabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| The major end product of purine catabolism because of the absence of the enzyme urate oxidase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The evelopment or formation of vacules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it. It can also cover substances which are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. Specifically, drugs such as antibiotics are xenobiotics in humans because the human body does not produce them itself, nor are they part of a normal diet. |
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