Term
| Where do visceral afferent fibers end that inform the networks of the state of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 places of the mesencephalon that coordinate behaviors by way of their efferent connections to the reticular formation |
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Definition
1. superior colliculus
2. periaqueductal gray (PAG) |
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Term
| 2 parts of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. medial part (containing several discernible nuclei)
2. lateral hypothalamic area (diffuse structure) |
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Term
| Is the medial forebrain bundle a single tract anatomically/functionally with sharp borders? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 nuclear groups of the medial part of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. anterior nuclear group
2. medial nuclear group
3. posterior nuclear group |
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Term
| 2 large nuclei in the anterior nuclear group of the medial part of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. paraventricular nucleus
2. supraoptic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| functions as a biologic clock |
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Term
| 3 nuclei in the middle (tuberal) nuclear group of the medial part of the thalamus |
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Definition
1. ventromedial nucleus
2. dorsomedial nucleus
3. arcuate nucleus |
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Term
| 2 nuclei in the posterior nuclear group of the medial part of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. posterior nucleus (close to the ventricular wall)
2. mammillary nucleus (located in the bottom of the ventricle) |
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Term
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Definition
| the macroscopically visible part of the mammillary nuclei |
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Term
| 2 places where hypothalamic afferent nerve fibers bring signals from |
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Definition
1. cerebral cortex
2. limbic structures |
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Term
| 7 forms of sensory information that the hypothalamus gets |
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Definition
1. olfactory stimuli
2. taste stimuli
3. conditions in the GI tract
4. blood pressure
5. noxious stimuli
6. skin temperature
7. intensity of ambient light |
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Term
| What type of information do afferent fibers from limbic structures (such as the amygdala) bring to the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 places influenced by efferent fibers from the hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. pituitary
2. autonomic preganglionic neurons
3. somatic-efferent cell groups
4. higher levels of the brain |
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Term
| 4 autonomic processes influenced by the hypothalamic connections (direct & indirect) to preganglionic parasympathetic & sympathetic neurons |
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Definition
1. blood pressure
2. heart rate
3. temperature regulation
4. digestion |
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Term
| 2 ways the hypothalamus affects the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
1. direct projections
2. indirectly via the thalamus |
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Term
| 2 places that receive direct connections from the hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. orbitofrontal cortex
2. temporal association areas |
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Term
| Are some direct hypothalamocortical fibers GABAergic? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 things that the mammillary nucleus is concerned with |
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Definition
1. spatial memory
2. orientation in space |
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Term
| What is the most conspicuous of the efferent mammillary connections? |
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Definition
| the mammillothalamic tract |
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Term
| What is the projection of the mammillothalamic tract? |
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Definition
| the fibers form a thick bundle & run anteriorly & upward in the wall of the third ventricle to end in the anterior thalamic nucleus that projects to the cingulate gyrus |
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Term
| Where do most afferent fibers to the mammillary nucleus originate? |
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Definition
| in the hippocampal formation & pass in the fornix |
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Term
| How does the hypothalamus act on the endocrine organs? |
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Definition
| by controlling the superior endocrine organ, the pituitary |
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Term
| Where does the anterior pituitary lobe (the adenohypophysis) develop from? |
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Definition
| the epithelium of the primitive foregut |
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Term
| Where does the posterior pituitary lobe (the neurohypophysis) develop from? |
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Definition
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Term
| hypothalamohypophysial tract (the supraopticohypophysial tract) |
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Definition
| the direct neural tract received by the posterior pituitary |
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Term
| 5 hormones produced/secreted by the epithelial cells of the adenohypophysis |
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Definition
1. growth hormone (somatotropic hormone)
2. thyroid-stimulating hormone
3. adrenocorticotropic hormone
4. gonadotropic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone)
5. prolactin |
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Term
| 3 kinds of epithelial cells in the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
1. acidophils
2. basophils
3. chromophobes |
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Term
| 2 peptide hormones released to the bloodstream in the posterior pituitary |
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Definition
1. vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
2. oxytocin |
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Term
| 2 nuclei from where the thin, unmyelinated axons reach the posterior lobe of the pituitary |
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Definition
1. supraoptic nucleus
2. paraventricular nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by destruction of the posterior pituitary; characterized by daily urine volume of 10 to 15 liters |
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|
Term
| What aspect of blood does production of ADH vary with? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of receptors do cells of the supraoptic nucleus function as? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does oxytocin do in the uterus? |
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Definition
| it contracts the smooth-muscle cells in the wall of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| numerous thin axons from the hypothalamus that end in the uppermost part of the hypophyseal stalk |
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|
Term
| releasing hormones (releasing factors) |
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Definition
| peptides transported by the portal system that cause hormonal secretion from the epithelial cells of the anterior lobe |
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|
Term
| inhibitory hormones (inhibitory factors) |
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Definition
| peptides transported in the tuberoinfundibular tract that have an inhibitory effect on the secretion of anterior lobe hormones |
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Term
| Are some neurons in the anterior hypothalamus temperature-sensitive? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the set point that the body temperature is supposed to be set at? |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
| abnormal rise in body temperature; can occur in diseases that affect the hypothalamus |
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|
Term
| Can hyperthermia occur during general anesthesia? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is caused by lesions to the preoptic area in the anterior hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Do patients with narcolepsy have increased or reduced levels of hypocretins in the CSF? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of areas does the suprachiasmatic nucleus project to? |
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Definition
| regions with hypocretin-expressing neurons |
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|
Term
| What is the transmitter for most of the neurons in the SCN? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of stimuli appears to be particularly important for the set of circadian rhythms? |
|
Definition
| light stimuli from the retina |
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|
Term
| Where do retinohypothalamic fibers from retinal ganglion cells end? |
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Definition
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Term
| Connections from the SCN to where are of particular importance for hypothalamic control of the sleep-wake cycle? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is controlled by an efferent pathway from the SCN to the pineal gland? |
|
Definition
| secretion of the hormone melatonin |
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|
Term
| What does melatonin signal? |
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Definition
| darkness; it is secreted in response to low levels of light |
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|
Term
| Is feeding behavior controlled from the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between the lateral & medial parts of the hypothalamus in terms of feeding behavior? |
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Definition
lateral = induce increased eating
medial = reduce eating |
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|
Term
| Is the control of body fat central to maintaining constant body weight? |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
| a protein produced in fat cells that ensures negative feedback from adipose tissue to the hypothalamus |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between the ob gene & the db gene? |
|
Definition
ob = codes for leptin
db = codes for the leptin receptor |
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|
Term
| What does leptin inhibit? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Is it likely that the primary cause of eating disorders such as anorexia & bulimia is to be found in the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Is the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-PO) larger in males or females? |
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Definition
| it is 3-8 times larger in males |
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|
Term
| How does the hypothalamus control sexual functions? |
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Definition
| by its actions on the pituitary & its secretion of gonadotropic hormones |
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|
Term
| 3 things testosterone does for sexual dimorphism |
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Definition
1. initiates structural sex difference in the brain
2. promotes masculine behavior
3. suppresses feminine behavior |
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Term
| Are T-lymphocyte numbers altered in deeply depressed patients? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 2 ways the nervous system can influence the immune system |
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Definition
1. endocrine system
2. autonomic innervation of the lymphoid organs |
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|
Term
| What does the vagus nerve inhibit from immune cells? |
|
Definition
| inhibits the release of cytokine from immune cells |
|
|
Term
| What do cytokines from leukocytes cause as part of the acute-phase response? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What do lymphatic dendritic cells & macrophages release that binds to peripheral branches of the vagus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| psychosomatic interrelations |
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Definition
| the relationship between mental & bodily processes |
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|
Term
| 2 things measured in the blood to measure stress reactions |
|
Definition
1. epinephrine
2. cortisol |
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|
Term
| What is the hypothalamus the superior center for? |
|
Definition
| coordination of emotional reactions |
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