Term
| Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, and Fluoroquinolones are all examples of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines are primarily (bactericidal/bacteriostatic) |
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Definition
Bacteriostatic.
However, they may be bactericidal depending on the dose or pathogen. |
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Term
| Glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones are (bactericidal/bacteriostatic) |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrolides, lincosamides, glycopeptides, and ketolides are sometimes used as a substitute for _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a drug frequently prescribed if the client has a hypersensitivity to penicillin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrolides are classified as: |
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Definition
| Broad spectrum antibiotics |
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Term
| Examples of extended macrolides are |
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Definition
azithromycin (Zithromax)
clarithromycin (Biaxin)
erythromycin |
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Term
| Which type of antibiotic may be administered orally or IV, but not IM as it is too painful? |
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Definition
| Macrolides. It should be infused slowly when given IV also, to avoid phlebitis. |
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Term
| What is added to erythromycin to prevent destruction by gastric acid in the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrolides are active against most ____ _____ bacteria and moderately active against some _____ _______ bacteria. |
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Definition
Gram positive
gram negative |
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Term
| Macrolides are commonly used to treat |
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Definition
Respiratory tract infections
sinus infections
GI infections
Skin infections
Diptheria
Impetigo
STIs |
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Term
| What is the drug of choice for treatment of mycoplasmal pneumonia and Legionnaire's disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adverse reactions to Azithromycin include |
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Definition
Superinfections
Vaginitis
Urticaria
Stomatitis
Hearing loss
HEPATOTOXICITY
ANAPHYLAXIS |
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Term
| The extended macrolide group is like erythromycin in that it is _____ (cidal/static) |
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Definition
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Term
| Many drugs in the extended macrolide group have a longer ____ _____ therefore they are administered once a day. |
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Definition
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Term
| Side effects common in clarithromycin, such as nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort are uncommon in which similar drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| When administering macrolides, it is important to assess |
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Definition
Vitals
Urine output
Laboratory tests (liver enzyme values) |
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Term
| T/F Lincosamide, like erythromycin, inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two examples of Lincosamides |
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Definition
Clindamycin (Cleocin)
lincomycin (Lincocin) |
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Term
| Which is prescribed more often - Clindamycin or lincomycin? |
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Definition
Clindamycin, as it is active against most gram-positive organisms and anaerobic organisms.
It is not effective against gram negative bacteria.
It is absorbed better than lincomycin through the GI tract
Maintains a higher serum drug concentration
Fewer toxic effects. |
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Term
| SE (side effects) and AR (adverse reactions) to lincosamides include |
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Definition
GI irritation (who would have thought, huh?)
N/V
Stomatitis
Rash (occasionally)
COLITIS
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK |
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Term
| Vancomycin (Vancocin) is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Vancomycin (Vancocin) is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Vancomycin is used against _____ and in cardiac surgical ______ for individuals with penicillin allergies. |
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Definition
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Term
| What should be monitored when administering vancomycin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What antibacterial is now used to treat life threatening vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VERF) infections? |
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Definition
| Quinupristin/dalfopristin (a combined antibacterial) |
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Term
| What is a new glycopeptide used to treat selected gram positive bacteria, skin infections, and has bactericidal action against MRSA? |
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Definition
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Term
| When taken with vancomycin, _____ can mask ototoxicity. |
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Definition
| Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) |
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Term
| The risk for nephrotixicity and ototoxicity may be potentiated with vancomycin when given with |
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Definition
furosemide
aminoglycosides
amphotericin B
colistin
cisplatin
cyclosporine |
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Term
| A new classification of antibiotics, structurally related to macrolides |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a new drug that is a Ketolide used for adults to treat mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does telithromycin work against bacteria? |
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Definition
| It is bacteriostatic. It inhibits protein synthesis. |
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Term
| What are the SE and AR to telithromycin? |
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Definition
Visual disturbances
headache
dizziness
altered taste
N/V
Diarrhea
liver failure
Exacerbation of myasthenia gravis |
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Term
| Which were the first broad-spectrum antibiotics, effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do tetracyclines act on bacteria? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What has been used for years to treat severe acne vulgaris? |
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Definition
| Oral and topical tetracycline |
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Term
| Which route is used for tetracycline in severe infections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shouldn't one ingest when taking tetracyclines? |
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Definition
Magnesium and aluminum antacid preparations
Milk products containing calcium
Iron containing drugs.
THESE SUBSTANCES BIND TO TETRACYCLINE AND PREVENT ABSORPTION. TAKE ON AN EMPTY STOMACH 1 HOUR BEFORE OR 2 HOURS AFTER MEALTIME.. YUM |
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Term
| What is an example of a tetracycline? |
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Definition
| Doxycycline (Vibramycin, Vibra-Tabs) |
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Term
| SE and AR of doxycycline (tetracyclines) |
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Definition
N/V
Diarrhea
PHOTOSENSITIVITY
PRURITUS
COLOR VISION CHANGES
SUPERINFECTION
BLOOD DYSCRASIAS
HEPATOTOXICITY
INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS |
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Term
| Pregnant women should not take tetracycline during the ____ trimester of pregnancy b/c of possible tetrogenic effects. |
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Definition
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Term
| Women in the ______ trimester of pregnancy and children younger than 8 yoa should not take tetracycline because it ___________________. |
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Definition
Last
Irreversibly discolors the permanent teeth |
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Term
| T/F Outdated tetracyclines can be substitutes for tic-tacs as they taste similar. |
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Definition
False. They taste more like M&M's.
More importantly, THEY ARE TOXIC IF THEY ARE OUTDATED AND SHOULD PROBABLY JUST BE DISCARDED |
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Term
| Tetracyclines can be ______ in high doses. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of infection can also result when administering tetracyclines? |
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Definition
| Superinfection (a secondary infection resulting from drug therapy) |
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Term
| The desired action of what can be lessened when taken with tetracycline? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tigecycline is an antibiotic in a new category called ________, a synthetic analogue of the tetracyclines. |
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Definition
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Term
| What method does glycylcycline take against bacteria? |
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Definition
| Blocks protein synthesis - Bacteriostatic |
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Term
| Indications for use of glycylcyclines are |
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Definition
Complicated skin infections
intraabdominal infections |
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Term
| SE and AR of glycylcyclines |
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Definition
GI upset - N/V, abdominal, diarrhea
Pseudomembraneous colitis (rare)
Photosensitivity
Headache
Dizziness
Insomnia
Hyper/hypotension
Anemia
Leukocytosis
Thrommbocythemia |
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Term
| Warfarin levels may be increased and may lead to bleeding when taken with |
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Definition
| tigecycline (a glycylcycline) |
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Term
| Oral contraceptives may be less effective when given concurrently with |
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Definition
| tigecycline (a glycylcycline) |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides commonly end in "-___" |
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Definition
"-cin"
ex. gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin) |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides are used against what type of bacteria? |
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Definition
Gram -negative.
Some gram-positive cocci are resistant to aminoglycosides, so penicillins or cephalosporins may be used |
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Term
| What can aminoglycosides do in children, but not in adults? |
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Definition
| Cross the BBB (blood-brain barrier) |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides are primarily given how? |
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Definition
IV.
Few are given orally to decrease bacteria in the bowel. |
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Term
| To ensure a desired blood level, aminoglycosides are usually administered IV. What is done to monitor/maintain a therapeutic drug level? |
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Definition
| The client's blood levels are drawn periodically to determine the peak and trough levels. A therapeutic drug level can be maintained by monitoring the trough level, and peak levels are useful in monitoring for toxicity. |
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Term
| What are two serious adverse reactions to aminoglycosides? |
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Definition
| Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity |
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Term
| T/F IV aminoglycosides can be given with penicillins and cephalosporins, and can be mixed in the same container. |
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Definition
| False. They can be given concurrently, but they cannot be mixed in the same container |
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Term
| The mechanism of action of fluroquinolones is to |
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Definition
| Interfere with the enzyme DNA production |
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Term
| Fluroquinolones work on (G+/G-) |
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Definition
| Gram positive and gram negative |
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Term
| The fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics is useful in the treatment of |
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Definition
UT, bone and joint infections
bronchitis
pneumonia
gastroenteritis
gonorrhea |
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Term
| Examples of fluoroquinolones are |
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Definition
Ciprofloxacin
levofloxacin
lomefloxacin
moxifloxacin
norfloxacin
ofloxacin |
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Term
| Two fluoroquinolones with a broad spectrum of action are |
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Definition
Ciprofloxacin (has more uses)
Norfloxacin. |
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Term
| Levofloxacin is used primarily to treat |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Moxifloxacin is prescribed to treat the same infections other fluoroquinolones are effective against, but is more active than ________ against S. pneumoniae and some strains of S. aureus and enterococci, but not VERF. |
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Definition
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Term
| SE & AR of fluoroquinolones may include |
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Definition
N/V
diarrhea
fatigue
restlessness
insomnia
tinnitus
photosensitivity
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
encephalopathy
pseudomembraneous colitis
dysrhythmias |
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Term
| Lipopeptides method of action |
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Definition
| inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis |
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Term
| Daptomycin is an example of a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| AR of lipopeptides (daptomycin) |
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Definition
Chest pain
hypo/hyperkalemia
hypo/hyperglycemia
bleeding
rhabdomyolysis
pleural effusion |
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Term
| An example of an unclassified antibacterial drug is |
|
Definition
Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid)
May cause pain, edema, and phlebitis when administered IV |
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