2 week old embryobegan to form a shee that would turn itself inward.

Process called neuregulation

Begining of central nervous system developement

Once formed another layer grew over top of this one, called skin

nerve cells that become the building blocks of the brain

producing 1 quarter of a million per minute

start firing up about the fourth month of pregnancy

supporting cells, stretched from the inside of the neural tube to the ouside.

provided a type of scaffolding for the neurons

lower part of the brain

Three main parts of the brain

called the repitilian brain because it is the most primitive

Main parts of the hindbrain are medulla, pons, cerebellum, retecular formation: these regulate autonomic functions

middle part of brain

Three main parts of the brain

Consists of superior colliculi, inferior colliculi and substancia nigra: involved in hearing, vision and consciousness.

part of reticular activating system

recieve sensory input from the eyes and ears

eye movement

Contains nucleitha regulates functions that are he basic for survival:  heart rate, blood pressure, respiration

damage to this part of the brain can be fatal

sensitive to drugs and alcohol

situated above the medulla; regulation of sleep/wake cycle.

sensitive to drugs and alcohol

medulla, pons and midbrain is a bundle of neural tissue called the reticular formation

this sructure acts together to form reticular activating system; alerts higher parts of brain to pay attention to incoming stimuli

dominant part of the brain; this part differentiates us as being humans.

consists if cerebrum, corpos callosum

comprises two/thirds of the total mass

cervice divides the cerebrum in halfs

Controls functioning of the righ side

vocabulary and speech

Controls left side as well as visual spacial skills.

these sides work together

top of each hemisphere; behind a fissue

responsible for processing somatosensory information; such as touch, temperature and pain;

top part of each hemisphere

controls voluntary muscle movement, and higher level cogitive functions such as planning and goal setting, decision making.

limbic system, (hippocampus, amygdala, and septum), thalamus, and hypothalamu these structures work together to produce feelings such as anger, pleasue, pain, sexuality, fear and affection

Also referred to as emotional brain

primary way sation for handling neutral commuication (infomation center)

divided ito groups of neurons called nuclei

regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature and breathing rate. Regulates sexual behavior

homosexual men, has a larger hypothalamus, then heterosexual men

acts like a switchboard, takes incoming messages and connects to the right place

much smaller in the brain of schitzophrantics

overload leads to disorganized thinking

a the ed of an axon

contain tiny sacs of chemical substance

called neurotransmitters;

little branches growing from the cell body are called dendrites

most widely known and studied

seretonin, aceylcholine, glutamate, gamma-amino butryric acidnorepiephrine and dopamine

circuits are part of larger organizations of neurons

ex. visual and olfacory systems

the process of synapsis

takes place after birth

experiece that is part of evolutionary history of he organisms and what occurs reliably in most situations.

lask of results in developemetal abnormalities

In votrast to overproducing synapses in anticipation of later experiece, some syapic growth occurs as a direct result of exposure to more individualized kinds of environmental events.

linked to the learning and formation of some ype of memory

Sensory - integration dysfuction

extreme hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to sensations such as bright light, loud sounds, pain, certain textures, human touch, moor clumsiness, balance problems, fidgeting and poor eye hand coordination

This can be linked to brain changes

was one of the first throrists to prupose that children actively construct their knowledge

Box 3.2

at about the time whe children learn about 50 words, this is a new phase of vocabulary learning

about 18 to 24 months

Vygosky developed two kinds of developing lines

accounted for cogniive developement

one: sociohistorical/cultural

the other was naural

cognitive developement

talking aloud to ones self