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| Medieval and/or Middle Ages |
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| The period of transition between the intellectual glories of antiquity and those of the modern period. |
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| The theology of the Eastern church through the Middle Ages. |
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| A particular way of doing and organizing theology by emphasizing the rational justification of religious belief and the systematic presentation of those beliefs. |
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| The literary and artistic revival in 14-15th century Italy. |
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| A worldview which denies the existence or relevance of God. |
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| The derivation of the existence of God from an affirmation of his being. |
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| Theories of the Atonement |
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| Understanding the meaning of the death and resurrection of Christ, and its significance for humanity. |
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| Five arguments for the existence of God by Thomas Aquinas. |
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| The divine will regarded as taking over precedence over the divine intellect. |
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| The belief in the sinlessness of the Virgin Mary. |
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| A discipline of study to defend the rationality of the Christian faith. |
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| A latin translation of the Bible which achieved widespread influence during the Middle Ages. |
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| A direct return to the original sources of the Bible, studied in its original languages. |
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| Early renewals in Christian theology, such as the sacraments, during the reign of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Empire, which began in the 8th century AD. |
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| The theme of withdrawal from a sinful and distracting world to create a communal community of life in isolation from the world. |
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| Unconditional following of Christ, sustained by regular corporate prayer and private prayer, and the reading of Scripture. |
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| The distinctive theological position of this order was developed by Dominic de Guzman and Aquinas. Referred to as "Black Friars". |
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| The distinctive theological position of this order was developed by Francis of Assisi. Referred to as "Grey Friars". |
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| The distinctive theological position of this order was developed by Giles of Rome, and Thomas of Strasbourg. It was influenced by Augustine. |
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| The distinctive theology position of this order was developed by Bernard of Clairvaux, placing an emphasis on spirituality. |
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| The principles underlying the interpretation of a text, particularly of Scripture. |
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| Sententiarum libri quattuor or Four Book of Sentences |
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| Written by Peter Lombard as the first theological "textbook" wrestling with the ideas of Augustine. |
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| Deliberate break with the unity of the church. |
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| When Emperor Leo III decided to destroy icons, on the grounds that they were barriers to the conversion of Jews and Muslims. |
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| A style of meditation using "inner quietness" through physical exercises which enabled believers to see the "divine light" with their own eyes. |
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| His defense of the use of icons created an appeal to the doctrine of the Incarnation as a basis of establishing the divine willingness to become visible and use of material forms to represent divine likeness or convey divine truths. |
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| Simeon the New Theologian |
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| His Orthodox theology had an emphasis upon the doctrine of the Incarnation with accentuation on redemption as deification. |
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| He formulated an argument for the existence of God as the highest good, and worked towards understanding the death and resurrection of Christ asking "Why God became man". |
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| Considered one of the most important religious thinkers of the Middle Ages. He wrote the Summa Theologiae, a detailed study of key aspects of Christian theology, focusing on God the Creator and the person and work of Christ. |
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| An early Middle Ages theory of knowledge in which knowledge was understood to arise from the illumination of the human intellect by God. |
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| He based his theology on the assumption of the priority of the divine will. He created the idea of the Immaculate Conception. |
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| His method of theology as known to eliminate all hypotheses which were not absolutely essential. He contrasted the way things are with the way things could have been. |
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| The Humanist writer effected Christian theology by the production of the first printed text of the Greek New Testament, a landmark in religious printing. |
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