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| same #protons, different # neutrons |
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| actual mass of an atom, expressed in daltons (da). Usually an average of the naturally occurring isotopes |
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| one pair of electrons shared between atoms |
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| two pairs of electrons are shared between atoms |
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| covalent bond that creates a polar molecule |
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| atoms or molecules present before chemical reaction |
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| atoms or molecules present after a chemical reaction |
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| sum of all reactions occurring in the body at a given moment. |
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| the movement of an object or change in physical structure of matter |
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| the capacity to perform work |
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| movement energy - can be transferred to another object to perform work |
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| stored energy - has the potential to to do work, if released. E.g., object sitting on edge of table, charged battery. |
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| quantity with a weight in grams equal to an element's atomic weight. E.g., the atomic weight of oxygen is 16, so 1 mole of oxygen weighs 16 g. |
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| sum of the atomic weights of all its components |
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A form of decomposition involving water:
AB+H2O -> A-H + B-OH |
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| the collective decomposition reactions in the body. Covalent bonds are a form of stored energy, so when they are broken down, energy is released. |
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| the sum of all synthesis reactions in the body. Creating covalent bonds costs energy, so the body must find an equilibrium between catabolic and anabolic reactions, using the former to feed the energy needs of the latter. |
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| the amount of energy required to start a reaction |
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| compound that accelerates chemical reactions without being consumed itself |
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| promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements. enzymes are generally proteins. |
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| A series of interlocking steps in which a molecule is manipulated into a final product by a sequence of enzymes. |
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| Chemical reaction that releases more energy than it takes. |
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| Chemical reactions that require more energy than they produce. |
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| All the molecules that cam be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies. |
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| essential metabolites that are normally obtained from the diet. |
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| always contain carbon and hydrogen as their primary structural ingredients. E.g. sugars, fats, proteins, nucleic acids. |
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| generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen as their primary structural ingredients. E.g. CO2, H2O, O2, acids |
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| The tendency of a large mass of water to change temperature slowly. |
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| A mixture of two or more substances. |
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| The medium in which solutes are dissolved. |
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| The atoms, ions, or molecules which are dissolved in the solution. |
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| The breaking down of crystalline compounds into individual molecules within a solvent, or volume of another chemical. In the body, the solvent is usually water, and solutes include ions and sugars. |
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| (dissociation) - the breaking of ionic bonds of compounds within an aqueous solution. Produces ions. |
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| The sheath of water molecules surrounding an ion in an aqueous solution. |
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| Molecules that readily interact with water molecules in solution. |
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| CaPO4 (Calcium Phosphate) -> |
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| Ca++ and PO4-- (phosphate) |
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| NaHCO3 (Sodium bicarbonate) -> |
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| Na+ and HCO3- (bicarbonate) |
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| MgCl2 (Magnesium Chloride) -> |
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| Na2HPO4 (sodium hydrogen phosphate) -> |
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| 2Na+ and HPO4-- (hydrogen phosphate) |
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| 2Na+ and SO4-- (sulphate) |
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| A solution with dispersed large particles, such as proteins or starches. These molecules will remain dissolved indefinitely. |
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| Solution with very large particles that will settle out if left undisturbed (e.g. blood,lipids in water). |
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| A proton; the principle molecule of acidity. |
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[image]
Fatty acids, amino acids |
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| Same molecular formula, but different structures. E.g. glucose and fructose. |
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| sucrose (table sugar), lactose, maltose |
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| ratio of C:H:O in carbohydrates |
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| compare saturated and unsaturated fatty acids |
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saturated: each carbon has four single covalent bonds (2 H per C)
unsaturated: one or more double bonds between C's, thus some C's only bond to 1 H. |
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| Eicosanoids: Key structural aspects and types. |
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| Lipids derived from arachidonic acid (an essential fatty acid). Leukotrienes and prostaglandins are eicosanoids. |
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| Steroids: Key structural aspects and types. |
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| Steroids have a carbon-ring framework. Cholesterol and the sex hormones are examples. |
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| Phospholipid: structure and examples |
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| Diglyceride tail, connected to a phosphate group, then a nonlipid group. Used in cell membrane. |
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| Glycolipid: structure and example |
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| Diglyceride tail, connected to a carbohydrate. Utilized in the cell membrane for cell recognition and for recognition of substances outside the cell. |
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| Glycolipid/phosopholipid droplet formed in water, in which the tails are oriented inward, and the heads outward. Micellles form during digestion. |
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| What 2 components do each amino acid contain. |
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| An amino group, and a carboxylic group. |
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| Explain primary protein structure. |
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| The sequence of amino acids in the protein |
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| Explain secondary protein structure. |
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| Folding of proteins into either Alpha-helix or pleated sheets. |
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| Explain tertiary protein structure. |
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| Complex coiling of of the protein into a 3D shape. Results from interactions between the polypeptide chain and surrounding water molecules. |
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| Explain quaternary structure. |
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| Further folding of the protein. Results from the interaction between individual polypeptide chains. |
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| reactants in an enzymatic reaction. |
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| How are enzymes turned on or off? |
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| Changes to the tertiary or quaternary shape. |
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| The substrate concentration required to have the maximum rate of reaction. |
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| What are the components of AMP/ADP/ATP. |
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| Adenine, connected to ribose, connected to 1-3 phosphate groups. |
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| Name the components and structure of DNA |
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deoxiribose sugar
nitrogenous base: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
phosphate group
in a double helix |
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