Term
| _____ fibers supply skeletal muscles, while _____ fibers supply smooth muscles & glands & belong to the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| somatic efferent; visceral efferent |
|
|
Term
| _____ fibers conduct sensory signals from the skin & mucous membranes of the face, from muscles & joints, & from the vestibular apparatus & the cochlea, while _____ fibers bring sensory signals from the visceral organs |
|
Definition
| somatic afferent; visceral afferent |
|
|
Term
| In early embryological development, the _____ form longitudinal columns, each column giving origin to only one of the four kinds of fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cranial nerve nuclei & the cranial nerves are links in various _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of fibers that bring innervation from the motor cortical areas to the somatic motor nuclei |
|
Definition
1. pyramidal tract (collaterals)
2. corticobulbar (destined only for the brain stem) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how the somatic sensory nuclei convey signals to the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| 4 kinds of fibers of the cranial nerves |
|
Definition
1. somatic efferent
2. visceral efferent
3. somatic afferent
4. visceral afferent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibers in the cranial nerves that have their cell bodies in brain stem nuclei corresponding to the columns of spinal motoneurons & the intermediolateral cell column of the cord |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of efferent cranial nerve nuclei |
|
Definition
1. somatic efferent
2. visceral efferent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the afferent fibers have their cell bodies; close to the brain stem & corresponding to spinal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of afferent cranial nerve nuclei |
|
Definition
1. somatic afferent
2. visceral afferent |
|
|
Term
| How are the somatic efferent nuclei arranged in early embryonic life? Later in life? |
|
Definition
early: all in a column close to the midline
later: move away in the ventrolateral direction |
|
|
Term
| general somatic efferent (location of nuclei) |
|
Definition
| the nuclei remaining in the medialmost column; nucleus of the accessory nerve, nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve, nucleus of the abducens nerve, nucleus of the oculomotor nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles that are developed from the segmentally arranged somites of early embryonic life; innervated by general somatic efferent nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| striated muscles developed from the branchial arches; innervated by the somatic efferent nuclei that have moved away from the medial column |
|
|
Term
| visceral efferent (location of nuclei) |
|
Definition
| column of cranial nerve nuclei located immediately lateral to the somatic efferent column; (dorsal) motor nucleus of the vagus, small inferior & superior salivatory nuclei, parasympathetic oculomotor nucleus of Edinger-Westphal |
|
|
Term
| visceral afferent fibers (location of nuclei) |
|
Definition
| all end in one long nucleus (solitary nucleus) which is located lateral to the visceral afferent column |
|
|
Term
| What is the most lateral group of cranial nerve nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve is classified as special somatic afferent? General somatic afferent? |
|
Definition
special: vestibulocochlear (originated from special sense organs)
general: trigeminal |
|
|
Term
| How does the corneal reflex start? |
|
Definition
| afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve enter at the midpontine level, descend in the brain stem, & form synapses in the lower medulla |
|
|
Term
| The cranial nerves are the first links in sensory pathways corresponding to the _____ & the _____ |
|
Definition
| dorsal-column medial lemniscus system; spinothalamic pathway |
|
|
Term
| As the nuclei involved in the sensory pathways conducting from the spinal cord, those of the brain stem are subjected to _____ of the sensory transmission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of cranial nerves are influenced by the pyramidal tract (fibers forming in the corticobulbar tract)? |
|
Definition
| somatic efferent cranial nerve nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Why is examination of the cranial nerves of great importance in clinical neurology? |
|
Definition
| it can provide exact information about the site of a disease process |
|
|
Term
| cranial nerve 12 (hypoglossal nerve) |
|
Definition
| motor nerve of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| The hypoglossal nerve is composed of only what type of fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a slender, longitudinal column close to the midline in the medulla where the fibers for the hypoglossal nerve come from |
|
|
Term
| How do root fibers travel in the brain stem? |
|
Definition
| pass ventrally & leave the medulla just lateral to the pyramid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the occipital bone where the small fiber bundles join to form the hypoglossal nerve & leave the skull |
|
|
Term
| Are the muscles of the tongue used voluntarily? |
|
Definition
| yes! during speech & eating |
|
|
Term
| Do reflex movements occur in the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the tongue deviate to the paretic side when it is stretched? |
|
Definition
| paresis of the genioglossus muscle |
|
|
Term
| cranial nerve 11 (accessory nerve) |
|
Definition
| brings somatic efferent fibers to two muscles in the neck (sternocleidomastoid & trapezius) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the accessory nerve leaves the skull together with the vagus & glossopharyngeal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Paresis of what muscles are generally observed in central motor lesions? |
|
Definition
| contralateral sternocleidomastoid & trapezius |
|
|
Term
| Because of the superficial position of the accessory nerve, it may be damaged in the _____ of the neck, producing a peripheral paresis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a special characteristic of cranial nerve 10 (vagus nerve)? |
|
Definition
| it contains fibers from all four kinds |
|
|
Term
| 2 swellings of the vagus nerve in the jugular foramen & just below that contain the pseudounipolar cell bodies of the sensory vagus fibers |
|
Definition
1. jugular ganglia
2. nodose ganglia |
|
|
Term
| The neurons leading from the CNS to the ganglia are called _____, & those leading from the ganglion to the organ are called _____ |
|
Definition
| preganglionic; postganglionic |
|
|
Term
| The vagus gives off visceral efferent fibers descending to the _____ in the neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vagus nerve postganglionic visceral efferent fibers in the _____ determine heart rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 places that branches from the vagus nerve supply information to |
|
Definition
1. esophagus
2. trachea
3. bronchi of the lung |
|
|
Term
| 3 places in the abdomen where the vagus nerve sense fibers |
|
Definition
1. stomach
2. small intestine
3. first half of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
| 3 places that the vagus nerve supplies parasympathetic fibers |
|
Definition
1. liver
2. gallbladder
3. pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Do signals in the vagus nerve reduce heart rate, constrict bronchi, & increase bronchial secretion whereas peristaltic movements & secretion are increased in the stomach & intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the sensory fibers from the larynx & some from the pharynx follow the _____ nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 nerves that the sensory fibers of the larynx follow |
|
Definition
1. superior laryngeal nerve
2. recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| On an embryological basis, how should all sensory fibers from the pharynx be categorized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do visceral afferent signals in the vagus nerve contribute to feelings such as hunger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the vagus nerve have an association with sickness behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The visceral afferents in the vagus nerve are links in reflex arc that control _____ & _____ of the gastrointestinal tract |
|
Definition
| secretion & peristaltic movements |
|
|
Term
| Vagus nerve reflexes mediate alterations of _____ & of ______ by changing the tone of the bronchial smooth muscles |
|
Definition
| airway secretion & airway resistance |
|
|
Term
| Where are the vagus nerve reflex centers located? |
|
Definition
| in the medulla (efferent links are visceral efferent fibers coming from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus) |
|
|
Term
| Visceral afferents from _____ in the wall of the large vessels provide information about the blood pressure in the aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the stimulation of taste receptors an example of a conditioned response or an unconditioned response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the somatic efferent vagus fibers come from; belongs to the special somatic efferent nuclei |
|
|
Term
Where does the cricothyroid muscle receive motor fibers from?
*it is an example of a laryngeal muscle located on the outside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the levator veli palatini muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would happen if the vagus nerve was lesioned above the exit of the motor branches to the pharynx & the soft palate? |
|
Definition
| deviation of the uvula & the posterior pharyngeal wall to the normal side |
|
|
Term
| What tract influences the nucleus ambiguus during speech? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nucleus is involuntarily activated by the cough reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerve resembles the vagus but is smaller & innervates a more restricted region? |
|
Definition
| cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal) |
|
|
Term
| 2 places innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve |
|
Definition
1. pharynx (muscles & mucous membrane)
2. taste buds (posterior) |
|
|
Term
| Does the glossopharyngeal nerve contain visceral efferent fibers? |
|
Definition
| yes! to the parotid gland & to the salivary glands in the posterior part of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What type of fibers come from the carotid sinus? |
|
Definition
| a special group of visceral afferent fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Where do glossopharyngeal afferent fibers that end in the solitary nucleus get conveyed to? |
|
Definition
| motor nucleus of the vagus |
|
|
Term
| Does the glossopharyngeal nerve have something to do with blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the striated pharynx muscles come from the ambiguus nucleus, whereas the _____ fibers have their cell bodies in the small inferior salivatory nucleus |
|
Definition
| somatic efferent; visceral efferent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the inferior salivatory nucleus end just outside the cranial cavity (for the glossopharyngeal nerve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a trigeminal branch that the postganglionic fibers from the ganglion cells join to reach gland; passes close to the otic ganglion (for the glossopharyngeal nerve) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the visceral afferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve carrying signals from the taste buds in the posterior third of the tongue end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the sensory fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the posterior part of the tongue, the tonsils, the soft palate, & the pharynx end? |
|
Definition
| sensory trigeminal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerve is associated with the internal acoustic meatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the vestibulocochlear nerve enters the brain stem; at the lower end of the pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where most fibers in the vestibular nerve end (some end in the cerebellum though) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the cochlear nerve ends |
|
|
Term
| The cell bodies of the primary afferent fibers of the vestibular & cochlear nuclei are located at the bottom of the internal meatus, forming the _____ & the _____ |
|
Definition
| vestibular ganglion & spiral ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Does the facial nerve contain special somatic efferent fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The small _____ follows the facial nerve & is usually considered to belong to it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the facial nerve contain visceral efferent fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the facial nerve leaves the skull; immediately medial & anterior to the mastoid process |
|
|
Term
| 3 glands where the intermediate nerve brings secretory signals through its visceral efferent fibers |
|
Definition
1. lacrimal gland
2. submandibular salivary gland
3. sublingual salivary gland |
|
|
Term
| Where do the visceral afferent fibers of the intermediate nerve come from? |
|
Definition
| the taste buds in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the motor fibers of the facial nerve have their cell bodies; in the lower pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by the fibers passing medially & lying dorsally to the abducens nucleus; bends in the lateral & ventral direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small elevation formed when the facial fibers pass just beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conveys signals for voluntary movements of the facial muscles |
|
|
Term
| How would a lesion of the pyramidal tract affect the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| it would result in clear-cut paresis in the lower part of the face on the opposite side |
|
|
Term
| How would a peripheral lesion affect the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| it would result in paresis of all the facial muscles on the same side as the lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peripheral facial paresis; the cause is unknown |
|
|
Term
| Spontaneous facial expressions are most likely controlled by descending connections from the _____ & possible the _____ |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus & basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of central paresis of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| emotional facial expressions are exaggerated (ex. a patient cannot suppress smiling or crying) |
|
|
Term
| How does Parkinson's disease reveal itself? |
|
Definition
| emotional, spontaneous expressions are lacking, whereas a voluntary, social smile is possible; disease of the basal ganglia; opposite effects of central paresis of the facial nerve |
|
|
Term
| What nerve mediates the stapedius reflex (contraction of the tiny stapedius muscle in the middle ear) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersensitivity to sounds; can be produced by peripheral facial paresis |
|
|
Term
| What fibers mostly make up the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the trigeminal nerve contain special somatic efferent fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 places that the trigeminal nerve conducts signals from in the face & the mucous membranes of the face |
|
Definition
1. low-threshold mechanoreceptors
2. thermoreceptors
3. nociceptors |
|
|
Term
| Fibers from proprioceptors end in the _____, fibers from low-threshold mechanoreceptors end in the _____, whereas signals from nociceptors end in the _____ (for the trigeminal nerve) |
|
Definition
| mesencephalic nucleus; principle nucleus (main nucleus); spinal trigeminal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Fibers from the main nucleus of the trigeminal nerve join the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 reflexes controlled by the trigeminal nerve |
|
Definition
1. sneeze reflex
2. sucking reflex |
|
|
Term
| What reflex is monosynaptic & involves the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you detect a unilateral paresis of the masticatory muscles (controlled by the trigeminal nerve)? |
|
Definition
| ask the patient to open his mouth widely & the lower jaw deviates toward the side of the paretic muscles |
|
|
Term
| lateral pterygoid muscle (controlled by the trigeminal nerve) |
|
Definition
| pulls the mandible forward in conjunction with opening of the mouth |
|
|
Term
| Voluntary movements of the jaws during speech & chewing depend on the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 times reflex movements of the masticatory muscles occur |
|
Definition
1. swallowing
2. sucking
3. vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What 3 cranial nerves supply the extraocular muscles with somatic efferent fibers? |
|
Definition
1. abducens (cranial 6)
2. trochlear (cranial 4)
3. oculomotor (cranial 3) |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve contains visceral efferent fibers to the smooth, intrinsic eye muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 symptoms of lesions to the extraocular muscles |
|
Definition
1. strabismus
2. double vision
3. dizziness |
|
|
Term
| What 3 nerves pass through the cavernous sinus before entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure? |
|
Definition
1. abducens nerve
2. trochlear nerve
3. oculomotor nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the only muscle supplied by the abducens nerve |
|
|
Term
| Where does the trochlear nucleus lie? |
|
Definition
| a little ventrally to the aqueduct in the mesencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innervated by the trochlear nerve; directs the gaze downward & laterally |
|
|
Term
| Where do the somatic efferent fibers of the oculomotor nerve come from? |
|
Definition
| the large oculomotor nucleus situated close to the midline in the mesencephalon, ventral to the aqueduct |
|
|
Term
| Where do the visceral efferent fibers of the oculomotor nerve come from? |
|
Definition
| the small nucleus of Edinger-Westphal located near the oculomotor nucleus |
|
|
Term
| 4 muscles innervated by the somatic efferent fibers of the oculomotor nerve |
|
Definition
1. superior rectus
2. inferior rectus
3. medial rectus
4. inferior oblique |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the muscle supplied by the oculomotor nerve that serves to lift the upper eyelid |
|
|
Term
| Where do the visceral efferent fibers of the oculomotor nerve end? |
|
Definition
| the small ciliary ganglion situated behind the eye |
|
|
Term
| 2 muscles innervated by the visceral efferent fibers of the oculomotor nerve |
|
Definition
1. pupillary sphincter
2. ciliary muscle |
|
|
Term
| What results from a lesion of the oculomotor nerve? |
|
Definition
| an abnormal position of the eye, which is directed laterally & downward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an upper eyelid drooping due to paresis of the levator palpebrae |
|
|
Term
| What results from an interruption to the parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve? |
|
Definition
| making the pupil larger & a loss of the light reflex, loss of accommodation of the lens (impossible to see near objects sharply) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the light reflex's reflex center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does unilateral interruption of the oculomotor nerve result in? |
|
Definition
| a loss of the light reflex in the eye on the side of the lesion (the reflex is present in the other eye) |
|
|
Term
| What does interruption of the afferent link in the oculomotor nerve result in? |
|
Definition
| loss of light reflex in both eyes when light is shone into the eye on the lesioned side (light reflex is present in both sides when the other eye is illuminated) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the accommodation reflex arc pass through? |
|
Definition
| the cerebral cortex (it is a cortical reflex) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the pupil in the eye as objects come closer? |
|
Definition
| it is constricted (accommodation reflex) |
|
|
