Term
| How much blood do the kidneys filter daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the kidney's functions in relation to the blood? |
|
Definition
| regulate volume and chemical make up |
|
|
Term
| What are the kidney's functions in relation to water and salts? |
|
Definition
| maintain each in proper balance |
|
|
Term
| What hormone does the kidney secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role do the kidney's have in relation to vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| metabolizes into active form |
|
|
Term
| Why is the right kidney lower? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of tissue supporting the kidney? |
|
Definition
| renal capsule, perirenal capsule, renal fascia |
|
|
Term
| What is the renal capsule? |
|
Definition
| fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection |
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|
Term
| What is the perirenal fat (adipose) capsule? |
|
Definition
| fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall |
|
|
Term
| What is the renal fascia? |
|
Definition
| outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the ureters? |
|
Definition
| convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
|
|
Term
| Where do the ureters enter the bladder? |
|
Definition
| base of teh posterior wall |
|
|
Term
| What is advantageous of the ureters entering the base of the posterior wall? |
|
Definition
| closes their distal ends as bladder pressure increases and prevents backflow |
|
|
Term
| How many walls does a ureter have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three walls of the ureter? |
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Definition
| transitional epithelial mucosa, smooth muslce muscularis, fibrous connective tissue adventitia |
|
|
Term
| How do the ureters propel urine to the bladder? |
|
Definition
| Actively via response to smooth muscle stretch |
|
|
Term
| What happens as more urine enters the ureters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How significant is neuronal control in the ureters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
| transitional epithelial mucosa, thick muscular (detrusor) layerr, fibrous adventitia |
|
|
Term
| What happens as urine accumulates in the bladder? |
|
Definition
| bladder expands superiorly |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| triangular area outline by the openings for the ureters and the urethra |
|
|
Term
| Why is the trigone clinically important? |
|
Definition
| infections tend to persist in this region |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder, conveys it out of the body |
|
|
Term
| What sphincters keep the urethra closed when urine is not being passed? |
|
Definition
| internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What is the internal urethral sphincter? |
|
Definition
| involuntary sphincter at the bladder-urethra junction |
|
|
Term
| What is the external urethral sphincter? |
|
Definition
| voluntary sphincter surrounding the urethra as it passes through the urogential diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What is the levator ani muscle? |
|
Definition
| voluntary urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act of emptying the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What do the spinal reflexes initiated by distension of bladder wall do? |
|
Definition
| stimulate contraction of the external urethral sphincter, inhibit the detrusor muscle and internal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What are the voiding reflexes? |
|
Definition
| stimulate the detrusor muscle to contract, inhibit the internal and external sphincters |
|
|
Term
| How much cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney that forms urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule |
|
|
Term
| What it the glomerular (bowman's) capsule? |
|
Definition
| cup-shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surround the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| What is the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
| blind end of nephron; consists of a thin capsule of epithelial tissue (Bowman's capsule) surrounding a ball of capillaries (glomerulus) |
|
|
Term
| Blood plasma filters from _______ _______ into ________ _______, thereby entering the renal tubule |
|
Definition
| glomerular capillaries, Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the external parietal layer of the glomerular capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule consist of? |
|
Definition
| modified, branching epithelial podocytes |
|
|
Term
| What do the extensions of the podocytes terminate in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are filtration slits? |
|
Definition
| openings between the foot processes that allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space |
|
|
Term
| What does the renal tubule consist of? |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convolute tubule |
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
| composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
| reasborbs water and solutes from filtrated and secretes substances into it |
|
|
Term
| What is the loop of henle? |
|
Definition
| a hair-pin shaped loop of teh renal tubule |
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal part of the loop of henle similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thin segment of the loop of henle composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thick part of the loop of henle composed of? |
|
Definition
| cuboidal to columnar cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
| cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What are the two important cell types found in the connecting tubules? |
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Definition
| Intercalated cells, principal cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the intercalated cells? |
|
Definition
| cuboidal cells with microvilli |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the intercalated cells? |
|
Definition
| maintaining the acid-base balance of the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the principal cells? |
|
Definition
| cuboidal cells without microvilli |
|
|
Term
| What are the principal cell's function? |
|
Definition
| help maintain the body's water and salt balance |
|
|
Term
| Where are teh majority of the nephrons located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are teh nephrons in the cortex called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are teh juxtamedullar nephrons located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is different about the loops of Henle of the juxtamedullar nephrons? |
|
Definition
| deeply invade the medulla, extensive thin segments |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the juxtamedullary nephrons? |
|
Definition
| production of concentrated urine |
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|
Term
| What are the two capillary beds of every nephron? |
|
Definition
| glomerulus, peritibular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| How is each glomerulus fed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is each glomerulus drained? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are peritubular beds? |
|
Definition
| low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption |
|
|
Term
| Where do peritubular beds arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do peritubular beds cling to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do peritubular beds empty into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do cortical tubules wrap around? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do juxtamedullary tubules wrap around? |
|
Definition
| Loop of Henle (Vasa Recta) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, straight efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the JGA? |
|
Definition
| controls production of filtrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the DCT lies against the afferent (sometimes efferent) arteriole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the JG cells act as? |
|
Definition
| mechanoreceptors, pressure sensors detect BP |
|
|
Term
| What is the macula densa? |
|
Definition
| tall, closely packed distal tubules cells |
|
|
Term
| Where is the macula densa located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is teh function of the macula densa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat sensors are present in the macula densa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the macula densa do if Na+ is too high? |
|
Definition
| secrete vasopressive hormone that slows down afferent flow |
|
|
Term
| What are the mesangial cells? |
|
Definition
| phagocytic and contractile properties with lots of actin and myosin |
|
|
Term
| What possible role may the mesangial cells have with filtration? |
|
Definition
| contraction slows rate and influences capillary filtration |
|
|
Term
| What role may mesangial cells have with sending signals? |
|
Definition
| communication between macula densa and granular cells around afferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
| What is the filtration membrane? |
|
Definition
| site of substrate removal from blood, formation of filtrate |
|
|
Term
| What is the filtration membrane's role? |
|
Definition
| filter that lies between the blood and the interior of teh glomerular capsule |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of teh filtration membrane? |
|
Definition
| fenestrated endothelium, visceral membrane, basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the basement membrane composed of? |
|
Definition
| fused basal laminae of the other layers |
|
|
Term
| How many times do the kidneys filter the body's entire plasma volume each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the filtrate contain? |
|
Definition
| all plasma components except protein |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major processes inolved with urine formation and the adjustment of blood composition? |
|
Definition
| glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, secretion |
|
|
Term
| What is colloid osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
| proteins in blood attract water |
|
|
Term
| What is capsular hydrostatic blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| fluid pressure within the capsule |
|
|
Term
| Why is the glomerulus more efficient than other capillary beds? |
|
Definition
| filtration membrane is more permeable, glomerular bp is higher, fenestrated capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? |
|
Definition
| total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total SA available for filtration, filtration membrane permeability, net filtration pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is glomerular nephritis? |
|
Definition
| expansion of fenestrations |
|
|
Term
| What is GFR directly proportional to? |
|
Definition
| The net filtration pressure (NFP) |
|
|
Term
| What do changes in GFR normally result from? |
|
Definition
| changes in glomerular blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the GFR is too high? |
|
Definition
| needed substance cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine |
|
|
Term
| What can cause a high GFR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause a low GFR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the GFR is too low? |
|
Definition
| everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of |
|
|
Term
| What is tubular reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| transepithelial process whereby most tubule contents are returned to the blood except metabolic wastes and unneeded substances |
|
|
Term
| What three membranes do transported substances travel through during tubular reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| luminal and basolateral membranes of tubules cells, endothelium of peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What ions are reabsorbed via paracellular pathways? |
|
Definition
| Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and some Na+ |
|
|
Term
| What happens to organic nutrients during tubular reabsorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are water and ion reabsorption controlled during tubular reabsorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is tubular reabsorption an active or passive process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substances are not reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| those that lack carriers, are not lipid soluble, are too large to pass through membrane pores |
|
|
Term
| Which substances are the most important nonreabsorbed substances? |
|
Definition
| urea, creatinine, and uric acid |
|
|
Term
| What is tubular secretion? |
|
Definition
| essentially reabsorption in reverse, where substances move from peritubular capillaries or tubule cells into filtrate |
|
|
Term
| What kind of process is tubular secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is tubular secretion important for? |
|
Definition
| disposing of substances not already in filtrate, eliminating undesirable subctances such as urea and uric acid, ridding the body of excess K+ ions, controlling blood pH |
|
|
Term
| What are some substances reabsorded in the PCT? |
|
Definition
| Sodium, all nutreints, cations, anions, water, urea, lipid-soluble solutes, small proteins |
|
|
Term
| What does the loop of Henle reabsorb in the descending limb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the loop of Henle reabsorb in the ascending limb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the DCT absorb? |
|
Definition
| Ca2+, Na+, H+, K+, water, HCO3-, and Cl- |
|
|
Term
| What does the collecting duct absorb? |
|
Definition
|
|
